OCE 1001 Exam 1

Coral Reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are siutable are called

fringing reefs

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.

gas hydrates

n general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more _______

gravel than in tropical waters

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

hydrogenous

Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________.

hydrogenous sediments

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an

hypothesis

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is

in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

Coral reefs ....

include atolls, barrier and fringing reefs

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere

increases in proportion to the distance

n which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply.

at the base of the continental slope along the mid-ocean ridge a sandy beach the abyssal plains

Oceanic Crust is primarily

basalt

what happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites

it was blown away by the solar wind

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

Steeply-sloping and lower spreading parts of the mid ocean ridge are called

oceanic ridges

along the margins of the pacfici are found most of the Oceans'

oceanic trenches

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

oolites

Earth's second atmosphere formed from

outgassing

What do all plate boundaries have in common

they are all associated with zones of earthquakes

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally _________

thinner, denser, darker in color, and at low elevations

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of earth's oceans was due to ________

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

The Four Principal Ocean Basins on earth are

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans

which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about the Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?

Basalt

the measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________

Bathymetry

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest known life forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 _______ years ago

Billion

Earths Atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 _______ years ago

Billion

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrec

Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following?

Broad continental shelves

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period

Cambrian

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence of volcanic islands was

Charles Darwin

although earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet its ___________ must have changed

Chemical Composition

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.

Dilution

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary

Divergent

the mid atlantic ridge is an example of

Divergent plate boundary

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?

Dredge

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

Fecal pellets

Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

Ferdinand Magellan

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?

Foraminiferans

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction?

Fracture Zone

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid ocean ridges

Fracture Zone

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor changed through time is an example of ___________ Oceanography

Geological

The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following?

Graded Bedding

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except they are flat on top are called

Guyots

Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________.

Guyots

The book "History of Ocean Basins was written by

Harry Hess

the explorer who advanced Oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements was

James Cook

Who left Spain in september 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the hawaiian island empereor seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth - which would most likely be the next to form an atoll?

Kauai

What processes influence the shape and features of continental shelves? Choose all that apply.

Large Fluctuations in sea level over geologic time major climate changes tectonic activity produced by offshore faults trench formation at convergent boundaries

Climate distribution on earth is primary controlled by

Latitude

Which of the following is earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

Lithosphere

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?

Low Salinity

chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from the hotspot are called

Nemataths

Of the following statements about the ocean crust, which is/are true

Ocean crust is created at mid ocean ridges and destroyed at deep sea trenches

new lithosphere is produced in association with

Oceanic Ridges

Which of the following is the Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?

Outer core

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

Pacific

Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?

Pacific Ocean

evidence suggests that the sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five _______ years ago

billion

one of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

Earth's atmosphere most likely included

carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane

Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four

centimeters

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. Choose all that apply.

Pacific Ring of Fire Narrow or No Continental shelves volcanic arcs and active continental margins subduction zones and associated faults very deep ocean water depths

which of the following was not used as evidence of continental drift?

Paleomagnetic Reversals

examine the five words and phrases and determine the relationship among the majority. choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

Panamerica

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the _________

Phoenicians

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ Oceanography

Physical

which of the following ideas support our current scientific understand of the development of life on earth?

Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen 2. Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over a geologic time 3. As life evolved it significantly changed earth's environment 4. The 'prebiotic soup' of the primitive ocean provided favorable conditions for life to develop.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of the word/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Ptolemy

The method of determining latitude in the northern hemisphere by measuring the angle between the observer's line of site to the North Star and the line of set to the norther horizon was developed by...

Pytheas

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.

Quartz

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Rift Valley

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

Rotary Corer

large volcanoes on the sea floor that are cone shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called

Seamounts

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.

Sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the pacific

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for the continental drift?

Shape of continental margins

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the _______ o the ocean basins and the _______ of the continents

Shape;Position

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Siliceous Ooze

the first recorded attempt to measure the oceans depth was conducted using which of the following techniques

Sounding

examine the five words and phrases and determine the relationship among the majority. choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

Stanley Miller

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?

Suspension settling

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:

Tektites

Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?

The Pacific Ocean

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?

The deep-ocean floor

Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

Who is credited with being the first Europeans to see the Pacific Ocean?

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin.

Volcanic

Seamounts and Abyssal hills are __________ in Origin

Volcanic

the seperation of the earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the

differing densities of the elements that make up the earth

the important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

of the following techniques which ones can be used to map the sea floor

direct visitation, using satellites, sending sound through water, recording many depths using a long cable

the average slope of the continental shelf is approximately

a tenth of a degree

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

abyssal plain far from a continent.

Extending from the base of the continental rise into the deep ocean basin are flat depositional surfaces called

abyssal plains

If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would be

accretion of the california terrane onto alaska

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine

ages of rocks

the nebular hypothesis suggests that

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

The Mariana trench is an example of _____ plate boundary

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

Which of the following characteristics of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries

andesitic volcanoes

of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true

1. The origin of earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification 2. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification 3. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered 4. Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core

The Average depth of the world's oceans is approximately

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.

4,000-5,000 m below sea level

Earth is about ....

4.6 billion years old

Archaeological Evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago

40,000

A ships fathometer transmits a sound pulse that records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. if the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/s what is the water depth in meters?

5,550 meters

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?

85%

Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply.

A Continental Rise A Wide Continental shelf

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply.

ALL OPTIONS

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters are called

Abyssal hills or seaknolls

examine the five words and phrases and determine the relationship among the majority. choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

Aleutian Islands

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was

Alfred Wegener

The East Pacific Rise is an example of _____ plate boundary

An oceanic-Oceanic divergent

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic -continental convergent plate boundary

Andes Mountains

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

Arctic

Which Ocean is the shallowest in the world?

Arctic

Isostatic adjustments are the result of buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the __________ below which is denser and plastic like

Asthenosphere

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.

Clay

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.

Colder;Higher

Which of the following is the main reason that earth has a magnetic field?

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

Cosmogenous

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Cosmogenous Sediment

Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle

Declining

The Pacific Ocean is an exmaple of the ______ stage of the Wilson Cycle

Declining

Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?

Deep sea trenches

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

which of the following is an example o the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?

East Africa

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?

Easter Island

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when continents are matched along ....

Edges of the deep sea floor

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt was

Eratosthenes

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?

Eratosthenes

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?

Evaporative salts

Which o the following is an example of a nematath

Hawaiian Islands - emperor seamount chain

a cometary model of the formation of earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the _____ in comet ice and that in Earth's water

Hydrogen

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies with respect to the mid ocean ridge? Choose all that apply

Igneous rock preserves the existing field 2. Polarity of the earth experiences reversals 3. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.

Island Arc

Ocean Basins with continental margins are representative of the _______ stage of the Wilson Cycle

Mature

which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?

Mesosauras

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

Methane

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?

Microscopic organisms

which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents?

Mountain, Glacial, Fossil, and Jigsaw continent evidence

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitations in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE turbidity currents only occur along passive continental margins.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to the majority of Earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the Pacific Rim.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Andesitic volcanic eruptions are usually less explosive and destructive than basaltic eruptions BECAUSE andesite magma is more viscous than basalt magma and contains a higher gas content.

The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct

of the following statements about the asthenosphere which is/are true

The asthenosphere is a highly viscous later located beneath the lithosphere 2. the asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters

which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere?

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle

of all the statements about the earth's magnetic field, which is/are true

The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole 2. the lines of the magnetic force are parallel with earth's surface at the equator 3. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole 4. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to earth's surface at the magnetic south pole.

Of the following statements about the age of ocean crust, which one is true?

The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench

The largest geographic feature on the surface of planet earth is

The pacific ocean

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?

The shallowest slope below sea level

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification are examples of;

Theories

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Trenches

According to the geologic time scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistance from earliest to latest

Trilobites and Amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form:

White smokers

the alps are an example of _____ plate boundary

a continental-continental convergent

Passive Margins are suually produced over geologic time by which of the following?

contiental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

where does the deep ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin

continental slope

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?

deep sea hot springs

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with

deep sea trenches

tectonic plates are pieces of the ______ that float on the more fluid ______ below

lithosphere;asthenosphere

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply.

manganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers

The Hawaiian islands are located where the pacific plate is

moving over a hotspot or a mantle plume

the study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called

paleogeography

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:

perpendicular to the ridge axis

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?

petroleum

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because ________

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the

plants lived in the tropics but the landmasses have drifted to current locations

most large ocean floor features owe their origins to

plate tectonic processes

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?

rare earth elements

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.

sand, silt, gravel

volcanic peaks on the deep ocean floor with conical tops are called

seamounts

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

the method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is

sound waves

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ______ stage of the Wilson Cycle

suturing

Compared to the rest of the planet, an usually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________

the africa plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a 'heat blanket'

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that the new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism from the scientific community because why?

the mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents

How did the moon form?

the moon formed due to the impact of a mars sized body with the earth

The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________

the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because _______

the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the sea floor