OCE 1001 Exam 1
Coral Reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are siutable are called
fringing reefs
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.
gas hydrates
n general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more _______
gravel than in tropical waters
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:
hydrogenous
Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________.
hydrogenous sediments
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an
hypothesis
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is
in the same direction as the plates are spreading.
Coral reefs ....
include atolls, barrier and fringing reefs
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere
increases in proportion to the distance
n which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply.
at the base of the continental slope along the mid-ocean ridge a sandy beach the abyssal plains
Oceanic Crust is primarily
basalt
what happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites
it was blown away by the solar wind
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:
lithogenous
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
lithogenous sediment
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?
lithogenous sediment
Steeply-sloping and lower spreading parts of the mid ocean ridge are called
oceanic ridges
along the margins of the pacfici are found most of the Oceans'
oceanic trenches
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
oolites
Earth's second atmosphere formed from
outgassing
What do all plate boundaries have in common
they are all associated with zones of earthquakes
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally _________
thinner, denser, darker in color, and at low elevations
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of earth's oceans was due to ________
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
The Four Principal Ocean Basins on earth are
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans
which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about the Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?
Basalt
the measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________
Bathymetry
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest known life forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 _______ years ago
Billion
Earths Atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 _______ years ago
Billion
Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrec
Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following?
Broad continental shelves
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period
Cambrian
The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence of volcanic islands was
Charles Darwin
although earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet its ___________ must have changed
Chemical Composition
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
Dilution
Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary
Divergent
the mid atlantic ridge is an example of
Divergent plate boundary
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?
Dredge
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:
Fecal pellets
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellan
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
Foraminiferans
What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction?
Fracture Zone
Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid ocean ridges
Fracture Zone
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor changed through time is an example of ___________ Oceanography
Geological
The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following?
Graded Bedding
Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except they are flat on top are called
Guyots
Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________.
Guyots
The book "History of Ocean Basins was written by
Harry Hess
the explorer who advanced Oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements was
James Cook
Who left Spain in september 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?
Juan Sebastian del Caño
Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the hawaiian island empereor seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth - which would most likely be the next to form an atoll?
Kauai
What processes influence the shape and features of continental shelves? Choose all that apply.
Large Fluctuations in sea level over geologic time major climate changes tectonic activity produced by offshore faults trench formation at convergent boundaries
Climate distribution on earth is primary controlled by
Latitude
Which of the following is earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?
Lithosphere
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?
Low Salinity
chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from the hotspot are called
Nemataths
Of the following statements about the ocean crust, which is/are true
Ocean crust is created at mid ocean ridges and destroyed at deep sea trenches
new lithosphere is produced in association with
Oceanic Ridges
Which of the following is the Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?
Outer core
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?
Pacific
Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?
Pacific Ocean
evidence suggests that the sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five _______ years ago
billion
one of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
Earth's atmosphere most likely included
carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane
Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four
centimeters
The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. Choose all that apply.
Pacific Ring of Fire Narrow or No Continental shelves volcanic arcs and active continental margins subduction zones and associated faults very deep ocean water depths
which of the following was not used as evidence of continental drift?
Paleomagnetic Reversals
examine the five words and phrases and determine the relationship among the majority. choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
Panamerica
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the _________
Phoenicians
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ Oceanography
Physical
which of the following ideas support our current scientific understand of the development of life on earth?
Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen 2. Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over a geologic time 3. As life evolved it significantly changed earth's environment 4. The 'prebiotic soup' of the primitive ocean provided favorable conditions for life to develop.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of the word/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Ptolemy
The method of determining latitude in the northern hemisphere by measuring the angle between the observer's line of site to the North Star and the line of set to the norther horizon was developed by...
Pytheas
The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.
Quartz
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Rift Valley
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?
Rotary Corer
large volcanoes on the sea floor that are cone shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called
Seamounts
In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.
Sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the pacific
Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for the continental drift?
Shape of continental margins
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the _______ o the ocean basins and the _______ of the continents
Shape;Position
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Siliceous Ooze
the first recorded attempt to measure the oceans depth was conducted using which of the following techniques
Sounding
examine the five words and phrases and determine the relationship among the majority. choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
Stanley Miller
Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?
Suspension settling
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:
Tektites
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?
The Pacific Ocean
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?
The deep-ocean floor
Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris
Who is credited with being the first Europeans to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin.
Volcanic
Seamounts and Abyssal hills are __________ in Origin
Volcanic
the seperation of the earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the
differing densities of the elements that make up the earth
the important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
of the following techniques which ones can be used to map the sea floor
direct visitation, using satellites, sending sound through water, recording many depths using a long cable
the average slope of the continental shelf is approximately
a tenth of a degree
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:
abyssal plain far from a continent.
Extending from the base of the continental rise into the deep ocean basin are flat depositional surfaces called
abyssal plains
If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would be
accretion of the california terrane onto alaska
Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine
ages of rocks
the nebular hypothesis suggests that
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
The Mariana trench is an example of _____ plate boundary
an oceanic-oceanic convergent
Which of the following characteristics of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries
andesitic volcanoes
of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true
1. The origin of earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification 2. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification 3. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered 4. Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core
The Average depth of the world's oceans is approximately
3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.
4,000-5,000 m below sea level
Earth is about ....
4.6 billion years old
Archaeological Evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago
40,000
A ships fathometer transmits a sound pulse that records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. if the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/s what is the water depth in meters?
5,550 meters
What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?
85%
Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply.
A Continental Rise A Wide Continental shelf
Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply.
ALL OPTIONS
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters are called
Abyssal hills or seaknolls
examine the five words and phrases and determine the relationship among the majority. choose the option that does not fit the pattern.
Aleutian Islands
The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was
Alfred Wegener
The East Pacific Rise is an example of _____ plate boundary
An oceanic-Oceanic divergent
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic -continental convergent plate boundary
Andes Mountains
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
Arctic
Which Ocean is the shallowest in the world?
Arctic
Isostatic adjustments are the result of buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the __________ below which is denser and plastic like
Asthenosphere
You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.
Clay
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.
Colder;Higher
Which of the following is the main reason that earth has a magnetic field?
Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:
Cosmogenous
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle
Declining
The Pacific Ocean is an exmaple of the ______ stage of the Wilson Cycle
Declining
Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?
Deep sea trenches
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
which of the following is an example o the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?
East Africa
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?
Easter Island
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when continents are matched along ....
Edges of the deep sea floor
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt was
Eratosthenes
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?
Evaporative salts
Which o the following is an example of a nematath
Hawaiian Islands - emperor seamount chain
a cometary model of the formation of earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the _____ in comet ice and that in Earth's water
Hydrogen
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous
Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies with respect to the mid ocean ridge? Choose all that apply
Igneous rock preserves the existing field 2. Polarity of the earth experiences reversals 3. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming
The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.
Island Arc
Ocean Basins with continental margins are representative of the _______ stage of the Wilson Cycle
Mature
which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?
Mesosauras
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?
Methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?
Microscopic organisms
which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents?
Mountain, Glacial, Fossil, and Jigsaw continent evidence
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitations in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE turbidity currents only occur along passive continental margins.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to the majority of Earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the Pacific Rim.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Andesitic volcanic eruptions are usually less explosive and destructive than basaltic eruptions BECAUSE andesite magma is more viscous than basalt magma and contains a higher gas content.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
of the following statements about the asthenosphere which is/are true
The asthenosphere is a highly viscous later located beneath the lithosphere 2. the asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock
Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters
which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere?
The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle
of all the statements about the earth's magnetic field, which is/are true
The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole 2. the lines of the magnetic force are parallel with earth's surface at the equator 3. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole 4. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to earth's surface at the magnetic south pole.
Of the following statements about the age of ocean crust, which one is true?
The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench
The largest geographic feature on the surface of planet earth is
The pacific ocean
Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?
The shallowest slope below sea level
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification are examples of;
Theories
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Trenches
According to the geologic time scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistance from earliest to latest
Trilobites and Amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form:
White smokers
the alps are an example of _____ plate boundary
a continental-continental convergent
Passive Margins are suually produced over geologic time by which of the following?
contiental rifting and continued sea floor spreading
where does the deep ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin
continental slope
Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?
deep sea hot springs
Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with
deep sea trenches
tectonic plates are pieces of the ______ that float on the more fluid ______ below
lithosphere;asthenosphere
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply.
manganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
The Hawaiian islands are located where the pacific plate is
moving over a hotspot or a mantle plume
the study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called
paleogeography
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:
perpendicular to the ridge axis
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?
petroleum
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because ________
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the
plants lived in the tropics but the landmasses have drifted to current locations
most large ocean floor features owe their origins to
plate tectonic processes
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?
rare earth elements
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.
sand, silt, gravel
volcanic peaks on the deep ocean floor with conical tops are called
seamounts
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
the method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is
sound waves
The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ______ stage of the Wilson Cycle
suturing
Compared to the rest of the planet, an usually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________
the africa plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a 'heat blanket'
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that the new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining
the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor
Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism from the scientific community because why?
the mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents
How did the moon form?
the moon formed due to the impact of a mars sized body with the earth
The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________
the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because _______
the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the sea floor
