OCE Ch1
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.
shape; position
As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.
slowly, rapidly
Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?
thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.
thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
Which statement(s) below correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust?
- Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. -Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust. -Continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?
- Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. -The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. -The outer core is liquid because it is so hot.
Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true?
- The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. - The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere.
Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true?
- The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. - Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. -Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. -Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered.
crust
- is Earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition
Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?
Arctic
Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean?
Atlantic, Indian, Pacific
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
: It is believed that Eric the Red may have discovered this area.
Baffin Island
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?
Cambrian
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?
Easter Island
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:
Eratosthenes
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellan
Order the 4 oceans from largest to smallest
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.
Phoenicians
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Ptolemy
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:
Pytheas
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
The Arctic Ocean
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?
The Arctic Ocean
How did the Moon form?
The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
Earth's early atmosphere most likely included:
carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.
chemical composition
In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter B?
continental crust
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.
hydrogen
Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.
outgassing
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.
physical
What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?
phytoplankton, autotrophs, primary producers
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
How did our Solar System begin to form?
A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.
Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:
ages of rocks
The nebular hypothesis suggests that:
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.
Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth?
-As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. -The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. -Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. -Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen.
Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid?
-Lithosphere -Inner core -Mesosphere
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?
-NASA satellites fly over Antarctica. -The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. -Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water.
core
-contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer -contains iron and nickel
mantle
-contains rock rich in magnesium and iron -contains a weak layer below the lithosphere
If you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock shown in the figure above, which would feel the heaviest?
3
Which rock in the figure above is likely high in iron and magnesium?
3 (dark one)
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________.
3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
Earth is about:
4.6 billion years old
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.
40,000
When did our Solar System begin to form?
5 billion years ago
: When Eric the Red was banished from Iceland, he discovered this land, where he later started a colony.
Greenland
: This was the first new land conquered by the Vikings.
Iceland
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?
It was blown away by the solar wind.
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.
James Cook
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?
Juan Sebastian del Caño
Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?
Lithosphere
Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?
Outer core
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?
Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
: This is the land discovered by Leif Eriksson.
Vinland (Newfoundland)
What is a nebula?
a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
What element(s) are found in high concentrations in continental crust?
aluminum and silica
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.
asthenosphere
Oceanic crust is primarily:
basalt
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.
geological
In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C?
lithosphere
What element(s) are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust?
magnesium and iron
What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?
material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center
What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?
weak sphere