OCE Ch1

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.

shape; position

As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.

slowly, rapidly

Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?

thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.

thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

Which statement(s) below correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust?

- Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. -Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust. -Continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?

- Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. -The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. -The outer core is liquid because it is so hot.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true?

- The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. - The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere.

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true?

- The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. - Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. -Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. -Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered.

crust

- is Earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition

Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?

Arctic

Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean?

Atlantic, Indian, Pacific

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.

: It is believed that Eric the Red may have discovered this area.

Baffin Island

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?

Cambrian

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?

Easter Island

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?

Eratosthenes

Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

Ferdinand Magellan

Order the 4 oceans from largest to smallest

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.

Phoenicians

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Ptolemy

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:

Pytheas

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

The Arctic Ocean

Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?

The Arctic Ocean

How did the Moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

Earth's early atmosphere most likely included:

carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.

chemical composition

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter B?

continental crust

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.

hydrogen

Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.

outgassing

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.

physical

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

phytoplankton, autotrophs, primary producers

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

How did our Solar System begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

ages of rocks

The nebular hypothesis suggests that:

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth?

-As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. -The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. -Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. -Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen.

Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid?

-Lithosphere -Inner core -Mesosphere

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?

-NASA satellites fly over Antarctica. -The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. -Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water.

core

-contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer -contains iron and nickel

mantle

-contains rock rich in magnesium and iron -contains a weak layer below the lithosphere

If you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock shown in the figure above, which would feel the heaviest?

3

Which rock in the figure above is likely high in iron and magnesium?

3 (dark one)

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________.

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.

40,000

When did our Solar System begin to form?

5 billion years ago

: When Eric the Red was banished from Iceland, he discovered this land, where he later started a colony.

Greenland

: This was the first new land conquered by the Vikings.

Iceland

What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?

It was blown away by the solar wind.

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.

James Cook

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

Lithosphere

Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?

Outer core

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

: This is the land discovered by Leif Eriksson.

Vinland (Newfoundland)

What is a nebula?

a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

What element(s) are found in high concentrations in continental crust?

aluminum and silica

Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.

asthenosphere

Oceanic crust is primarily:

basalt

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.

geological

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C?

lithosphere

What element(s) are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust?

magnesium and iron

What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?

material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center

What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?

weak sphere