Ocean ch 14
Scientists removed sea stars from a zone in the intertidal region, and mussels quickly invaded the zone and eliminated other species.This is an example that shows having predators can actually result in ______.
increased biodiversity
Biologists have noted that patterns form as algae and animals sort themselves out over the intertidal zone according to their ability to cope with stresses that accompany exposure, turbulence, loss of water, and food web dynamics. This grouping pattern is called ______ zonation.
intertidal
biologists have noted that patterns form as algae and animals sort themselves out over the intertidal zone according to their ability to cope with stresses that accompany exposure, turbulence, loss of water, and food web dynamics. This grouping pattern is called ______ zonation.
intertidal
Detritus is important in the mud flat and sandy shore ecosystems because it ____
is the food source for many organisms found living in these soft substrates
----are the largest of the algae, have a strong stipe and holdfast, and are able to colonize rocky points in fast currents or heavy surf.
kelps
In the supralittoral (or splash) zone, covered with water only during storms and the highest tides, one commonly finds ______
limpets dark lichens periwinkle snails
epifauna, infauna
living on or attached to rocky areas and firm sediments Organisms living within soft sediments such as mud or sand
As a result of an unstable benthic environment in exposed, sandy beach regions where waves or surf occur, ______ numbers of species can be found.
low
have adaptations for living in the intertidal zone that include waxy leaves that reduce water loss, the ability to excrete excess salt through glands on their leaves, and root systems that extend above the water.
mangroves
As a result of the presence of symbiotic algae living within tropical corals, the reefs ______
must be found in depths where there is enough light for photosynthesis
Exposure to air, turbulence from wave action, and competition for space all influence the distribution of organisms ______.
on a rocky coast
Corals are colonial animals; an individual coral is called a
polyp
Seaweeds are primary----in the marine environment.
producers
Which of the following are types of seaweed?
red, brown, green
The benthic environment is ______.
remarkably diverse
The benthic environment is ______.
remarkably diverse in species composition
Green algae Brown algae red algase
rocky shores shallow waters red algae
A good example of a detritus feeder is a ______, and a good example of a deposit feeder is a __
sand dollar; burrowing sea cucumber
----is a relatively coarse sediment type that easily gains and loses water, whereas ______ slowly exchanges water, is slowly resupplied with oxygen, and slowly removes wastes.
sand, mud
Environmental conditions, such as those along an exposed coastline with heavy wave action, tend to create ______ deposits; whereas conditions in a shallow bay with reduced water motion tend to create ______ deposits.
sand, mud
An example of a sessile benthic organism is a
sea anemone
Seaweed provides food and ______ for many animals and serves a function similar to ______ on land.
shelter; forests
Octopuses are in general ______.
shy and nonaggressive
______ live at great depths in the ocean, and those in deep trenches frequently have no eyes or eye-stalks.
snails
Benthic organisms include _____.
snails, oysters, barnacles, crabs
The deeper the tide pool and the greater the volume of water, the more ______ the environment after its isolation from a receding tide.
stable
______ are generally found in the lower littoral zone.
starfish
The zonation of ______ is much more distinct than ______ because the former has a more stable substrate
the rocky intertidal; a sandy beach
The zonation of ______ is much more distinct than ______ because the former has a more stable substrate.
the rocky intertidal; a sandy beach
Intertidal zonation is a pattern that forms as algae and animals sort themselves out according to ______. (Mark all that apply.)
their ability to cope with wave turbulence their ability to cope with exposure to sun and air their ability to deal with water loss
_____ tend to maintain a volume of seawater above the receding tide line and are found along rocky shores
tide pools
True or false: Coral reef growth is primarily in tropical waters between 30°N and 30°S and typically away from cold-water currents.
true
The bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones are ______. (Mark all that apply.)
uniformly dark uniformly cold
The dominant mussel in the state of Washington has a limited distribution along the shoreline that is defined by water height for the ______ limit and sea stars for the ______ limit.
upper lower
The image shows ______.
vertical zonation
How diverse are benthic environments?
very
Because sea stars are ______, other organisms such as scallops, clams, and sea urchins respond by getting away from them as rapidly as possible.
voracious predators
Unlike in the intertidal zone, organisms do not suffer from ______ in the submerged rocky bottom region.
dessication
A main food source for sand dollars in the mud flats and sandy shores is
detritus
Most animals in the sand and mud shore environments are ______ feeders.
detritus
Worms and bivalve mollusks found on the deep-ocean floor commonly feed on ______
detritus
______ is a marine plant that has strap-shaped leaves and is found submerged and growing on mud and sand in the quiet waters of bays and estuaries along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
eelgrass
Zooxanthellae ______
enhance the ability of corals to extract calcium carbonate from seawater assist corals in removing waste have a symbiotic relationship with corals
Benthic organisms live in a wide variety of environments because the physical and chemical conditions, including water depth,
also vary widely
Which of the following are conditions that support coral reef building?
clear water, warm water, shallow water
benthic organisms that live on or attached to rocky areas and firm sediments are collectively called-----whereas animals that live buried in the substrate and are associated with soft sediments, such as mud or sand, are collectively called-----
epifauna, infauna
True or false: The deep-sea benthic environment is completely devoid of life.
false
Limpets Barnacles mussels
-A muscular foot anchors them to the rocks. -A strong cement secures them to the rocks. -.Special threads attach them to the rocks.
Tusk shells, known to live at 23,000-ft depths in the ocean, lie buried in the ooze with tentacles at the sediment surface to feed on_______
foraminifera
Why must much of the benthic biomass rely on surface productivity? (Choose all that apply.)
-Much of the benthic community survives in areas where photosynthetic primary producers cannot survive. -Much of the benthic community lies in a realm where sunlight does not reach.
What are the benefits of a bipartite lifestyle?
-Offspring can disperse over large distances. -Dispersal increases the potential number of sites where suitable habitat for adults can be found
Match the term to its correct characteristic. Submerged rocky bottoms Intertidal zones
-Regions that are always underwater -Regions that are exposed periodically between high and low tides
Which of the following are true for all three algal groups (green, brown, and red)? (Mark all that apply.)
-Their major cell-wall components include cellulose. -They possess chlorophyll a pigment -They are primary producers.
Which of the following are factors that limit the distribution of mussels along the coast of Washington
-Their upper limit distribution is determined by water height (influenced by tides and waves). -Their lower limit is determined by the predatory starfish.
Which of the following characteristics correctly describe mangrove adaptations for living in the intertidal zone? (Select all that apply.)
-Waxy leaves that reduce water loss -Ability to excrete excess salt through glands on their leaves -Root systems that extend above the water
When studying intertidal zonation, scientists removed all the sea star predators from the zone below the mussels; this led to
-elimination of other species within the area, as the mussels took over the lower zone -reduced biodiversity of the intertidal zone -rapid invasion of mussels into that lower zone -rapid increase in the population size of the mussels
Rank these kelp species by where they live from closest to shore at the top to farthest from shore at the bottom. Elk kelp (Pelagophycus) Feather-boa kelp (Egregia) Giant kelp (Macrocystis)
-feather boa -giant kelp -elk kelp
The deep-sea floor includes the ______
-flat abyssal plains -trenches -slopes of mid-ocean ridges
Food falls, such as whale carcasses, are important to the benthic community because ______. (Choose all that apply.) they provide chemosynthetic communities with the chemical component
-much of the benthic community must rely on food raining down from the ocean's surface in order to survive -it moves energy captured from a photosynthetic food chain to deeper regions that cannot support photosynthetic organisms
The benthic environment consists of the ______. (Mark all that apply.)
-ocean bottom, including deep-sea hydrothermal vents -sea floor, including shallow, sunlit coastal waters
Supralittoral (or splash) zone Upper midlittoral zone Lower littoral zone
-periwinkle snails -mussels -large anemones
beard worms sea fans sea squirts
-they can be found at depths of 33,000 ft, and they have no mouth or gut but simply absorb the needed molecules through their skin. -They are also known as horny corals and resemble algae more than animals. -They possess stalks that lift them above the soft sediments and into the water where they can feed by straining out organic matter.
Which of the following environmental conditions is most likely to create a sand deposit versus a mud deposit?
An exposed coastline with heavy wave action
The explanations for deep-sea---- include ideas linked to cold-temperature, high-pressure metabolism and continued growth in long-lived species.
giants
Order the algal types from those found in the ocean shallows at the top and proceeding to greater depths at the bottom.
green, brown, red
Which of the following influence the distribution of animals along the rocky shore? (Mark all that apply.)
Competition for space Turbulence from wave action Exposure to the air
______ feeders feed by eating degraded plant and algal material directly or filtering it from the water, and ______ feeders feed by engulfing the sediment and processing it in their gut to extract organic matter.
Detritus; deposit
Which of the following are flowering plants with true roots, stems, and leaves that live in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)
Eelgrass, Turtle grass
largest coral reef in the world is
Great Barrier Reef
The ______ Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef; it is located along the eastern coast of ______.
Great; Australia
Which of the following is true regarding the different types of marine algae and their ability to process different wavelengths of light?
Green algae contain the same chlorophyll pigments as land plants.
Which of the following are characteristics of the periwinkle snail that allow it to survive in the rocky intertidal? (Choose all that apply.)
It can seal its shell closed to prevent moisture loss.It is an air-breather.
Which of the following are true regarding kelp forests?
Kelp species have horizontal (depth) zonation. At the water's surface, the kelp form a canopy.
Why is detritus important in sand and mud shore environments?
Most sand and mud animals are detritus feeders.
Match the soft substrate type to its correct description.
Mud - More stable habitat but quite oxygen-poor Gravel and sand shores--Unstable benthic environment, supporting a limited number of organism
Benthic meiofauna include which of the following organisms?
Nematode worms Segmented worms Burrowing crustaceans
Which of the following species can exist in the deep-sea benthic environment?
Nematode worms, Segmented worms Burrowing crustaceans
Match the rocky shore organisms to the correct description.
Nemerteans-Ribbon worms Brachiopods-Lampshells Nudibranchs- Colorful sea slugs
______, or ribbon worms, have poison-injecting mouthparts. ______, or lampshells, resemble clams but are completely unrelated. ______, or sea slugs, are colorful and actively feed on sponges and anemones.
Nemerteans; Brachiopods; Nudibranchs
Seaweeds are attached to the ocean floor by a basal organ known as a----that anchors the seaweed firmly to a solid base or substrate.
holdfast
Which of the following characteristics correctly describe mangrove adaptations for living in the intertidal zone? (Select all that apply.)
Root systems that extend above the water Ability to excrete excess salt through glands on their leaves Waxy leaves that reduce water loss
Which of the following are true regarding the zonation of sandy beaches versus the rocky intertidal? (Mark all that apply.)
Sandy beaches have fewer algae species than found in the zones of the rocky intertidal. Sandy beaches have fewer grazing animals than found in the zones of the rocky intertidal.
Of all the marine communities, ______ are the most diverse and structurally complex.
coral reefs
____fringe about one-sixth of the world's coastlines and provide habitat for tens of thousands of fish and other organisms.
coral reefs
holdfast, stipe, blade
The holdfast is the root-like part of the brown algae; it anchors the stem-like stipe, which in turn supports the leaf-like blades.
Which of these best describe algae?
They are aquatic, photosynthetic organisms.
Which of the following ideas have been presented to explain why deep-sea gigantism occurs?
They experience changes in metabolism linked to cold temperatures and high pressure, which contribute to increased size. Species may be very long-lived and experience continued growth.
Which of the following are characteristics of sea stars? (Mark all that apply.)
They extrude their stomachs through their mouths and begin the digestion of prey outside of their bodies. They possess tube feet that are operated by a water-vascular system. They live in the lower littoral zone.
Which of the following characteristics are true for octopuses?
They have eight arms. They live in caves or dens. They are carnivores.
Which of the following are characteristics of sea stars?
They possess tube feet that are operated by a water-vascular system. They extrude their stomachs through their mouths and begin the digestion of prey outside of their bodies. They live in the lower littoral zone.
----are marine organisms with simple tissues; they do not produce flowers or seeds, and they do not have roots
algae
One of the primary _____ of a bipartite lifestyle is that offspring can disperse over long distances, finding new areas to inhabit.
benefits
Deep-sea infauna that are small, measuring 2 mm or less, are known as
benthic meiofauna
The process of sediment disruption by feeding or burrowing organisms is known as ______.
bioturbation
__________is the process of sediment disruption by feeding or burrowing organisms.
bioturbation
Few species are found on sandy beaches in wave or surf areas because ______.
breaking waves produce an unstable benthic environment
