Oceanography chapters 1-4

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:

a glacier

What is sediments from chemical reactions?

hydrogenous

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

What are the four principal oceanic basins (plus an additional ocean) on earth are?

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans

Evidence for continental drift includes:

-how the mountains line up -the distribution of organisms -coast lines fit together

Andesitic Volcanoes are located where?

Oregon and Washington state

The nebular hypothesis suggests that:

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

What layer are the tectonic plates on?

asthenosphere

Coral reefs include:

atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

What is oceanic crust made out of?

basalt

What is sediment from plants and animals?

biogenous

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen can what?

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included:

carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane

The San Andreas Fault is an example of what?

continental transform fault

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called what?

cosmogenous

What is the lithosphere composed of?

crust and upper mantle

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with what?

deep-sea trenches

What contains silica (SiO2)?

diatoms & radiolarians

The separation of earth into layers while it was molten was the result of what?

different densities of the elements that make up the earth

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by what?

erosion by turbidity currents

What contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?

foraminiferans & coccolithophores

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called what?

hypothesis

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere?

increases in proportion to the distance

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit what?

large particles such as gravel

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called what?

lithogenous

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?

lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures

What is destroyed with deep sea trenches (subduction zones)?

old lithosphere

Whats the largest ocean?

pacific

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are what?

perpendicular to the ridge axis

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to what?

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

How did earths oceans most likely start?

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

What is a subduction zone?

when denser and thinner oceanic crust goes underneath continental crust which is lighter and thicker

What occurs to form a rift?

when two continental plates diverge

Warm-water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form what?

white smokers

Convergent boundaries=

plates coming together

Divergent boundaries=

plates separating

Transform boundaries=

plates sliding across each other

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called what?

seamounts

Deep ocean trenches are associated with what?

subduction zones

What do turbidity currents form?

submarine canyons

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of what?

divergent plate boundary

Sediments found on continental margins are called what?

neritic

Characteristics of continental crust:

thicker, less dense

Wheres the San Andreas fault located?

California

What is used to investigate sea floor sediment/rock layers?

Seismic Sound waves

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by who?

Vikings

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

moving over a hotspot or a mantle plume

What is produced near oceanic ridges?

new lithosphere

New lithosphere is produced in association with what?

oceanic ridges

What is the result of sea floor spreading from divergent boundaries?

oceanic ridges and rises

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's what?

oceanic trenches

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining?

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor

What is a passive continental margin?

the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin

Characteristics of oceanic crust:

thinner, more dense

Whats a volcanic island arch?

two plates coming together

Describe a turbidity current

underwater avalanches of muddy water and mixed debris

As crust widens and thins, what two landforms can form?

valleys and volcanoes

Characteristics of active continental margins include:

volcanoes, earthquakes, deep valleys