Oceanography chapters 1-4
Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:
a glacier
What is sediments from chemical reactions?
hydrogenous
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
What are the four principal oceanic basins (plus an additional ocean) on earth are?
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans
Evidence for continental drift includes:
-how the mountains line up -the distribution of organisms -coast lines fit together
Andesitic Volcanoes are located where?
Oregon and Washington state
The nebular hypothesis suggests that:
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
What layer are the tectonic plates on?
asthenosphere
Coral reefs include:
atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs
What is oceanic crust made out of?
basalt
What is sediment from plants and animals?
biogenous
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen can what?
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included:
carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane
The San Andreas Fault is an example of what?
continental transform fault
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called what?
cosmogenous
What is the lithosphere composed of?
crust and upper mantle
Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with what?
deep-sea trenches
What contains silica (SiO2)?
diatoms & radiolarians
The separation of earth into layers while it was molten was the result of what?
different densities of the elements that make up the earth
Submarine canyons were most likely formed by what?
erosion by turbidity currents
What contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
foraminiferans & coccolithophores
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called what?
hypothesis
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere?
increases in proportion to the distance
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit what?
large particles such as gravel
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called what?
lithogenous
Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.
lithosphere; asthenosphere
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?
lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
What is destroyed with deep sea trenches (subduction zones)?
old lithosphere
Whats the largest ocean?
pacific
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are what?
perpendicular to the ridge axis
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to what?
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
How did earths oceans most likely start?
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
What is a subduction zone?
when denser and thinner oceanic crust goes underneath continental crust which is lighter and thicker
What occurs to form a rift?
when two continental plates diverge
Warm-water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form what?
white smokers
Convergent boundaries=
plates coming together
Divergent boundaries=
plates separating
Transform boundaries=
plates sliding across each other
Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called what?
seamounts
Deep ocean trenches are associated with what?
subduction zones
What do turbidity currents form?
submarine canyons
The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:
Alfred Wegener
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of what?
divergent plate boundary
Sediments found on continental margins are called what?
neritic
Characteristics of continental crust:
thicker, less dense
Wheres the San Andreas fault located?
California
What is used to investigate sea floor sediment/rock layers?
Seismic Sound waves
Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by who?
Vikings
The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:
moving over a hotspot or a mantle plume
What is produced near oceanic ridges?
new lithosphere
New lithosphere is produced in association with what?
oceanic ridges
What is the result of sea floor spreading from divergent boundaries?
oceanic ridges and rises
Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's what?
oceanic trenches
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining?
the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor
What is a passive continental margin?
the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin
Characteristics of oceanic crust:
thinner, more dense
Whats a volcanic island arch?
two plates coming together
Describe a turbidity current
underwater avalanches of muddy water and mixed debris
As crust widens and thins, what two landforms can form?
valleys and volcanoes
Characteristics of active continental margins include:
volcanoes, earthquakes, deep valleys
