Oceanography Exam 1 (CH 1-3)

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Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfre Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents?

-The distribution of species of fossils -Evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical -The pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents -The way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

The Mariana Trench is an example of ______ plate boundary

An oceanic-oceanic convergent

The East Pacific Rise is an example of _____ plate boundary.

An oceanic-oceanic divergent

Panthalassia

Ancient precursor of the Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?

Andes Mountains

Paleomagnetism

Study of magnetism over geologic time

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge?

-The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming -The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals -The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools

If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be:

Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ______ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Mature

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form? (Part G)

50 million years ago

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener

Where are tectonic plates located? (Part A)

At Earth's surface

Where do most earthquakes occur? (Part D)

At plate boundaries

Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle?

Declining

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:

Harry Hess

What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere? (Part B)

Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere

What would happen to the orange liquid in the lava lamp if heat did NOT conduct out of the top of the lava lamp? (Part E)

The orange liquid would stay near the top of the lava lamp

When will a hot spot volcano become extinct? (Part E)

When the volcano is carried away from the hot sport by the tectonic plate

Definitions for these words: Mantle? Crust? Nebula? Core? Solar system?

- Contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification. - Outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite. - Gaseous and dusty space cloud (precursor to a solar system). - Composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer. - the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it

Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean?

- Pacific -Atlantic -Indian

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry?

- hypothesis formation - observation

ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense

-As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:

-Atlantic -Pacific -Arctic -Indian -Southern/Antarctic

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. - Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification -The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. - Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered

related to the formation of a density-stratified Earth

-Earth is layered based on density, with the highest-density material located at the deepest depths beneath Earth's surface

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?

-Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. -The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. -The outer core is liquid because it is so hot.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?

-Earths oceans are one big interconnected body of water -The southern ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet earth -NASA satellites fly over Antartica

What elements are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust?

-Magnesium -Iron

Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic? (Part B)

-Nazca Plate -Pacific Plate

nemataths and volcanic arcs

-Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true?

-Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge -Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches

ocean crust

-Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply.

-Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. -Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. -The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. -As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method?

-Scientific method is an ongoing cycle -Scientists make predictions based one established theories -The Scientific Method involves repeated testing and adjustments of hypotheses to explain observations

What elements are found in high concentrations in continental crust?

-Silica -Aluminum -Potassium

asthenosphere

-The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles)

Which of the following statements about the Wilson cycle is/are correct? (Part B)

-The embryonic stage begins with continental crust being uplifted and pulled apart -The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic Ocean basin is growing wider -The Mediterranean Sea is in the process of closing

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true?

-The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole -The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole -The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator -The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole

Earth's magnetic field

-The locations of Earth's magnetic poles have moved through time and have even reversed in polarity

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true?

-Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries -In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time -Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity

differences between oceanic and continental crust

-continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt -Continental crust is thicket than oceanic crust -Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust

Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge? hydrothermal vents a central rift valley basalt volcanism and pillow lavas a trench thick layers of sediment volcanoes

-hydrothermal vents -a central rift valley -basalt volcanism and pillow lavas -volcanoes

Evidence for continental drift includes

-past glacial activity -the distribution of organisms -matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains -the fit of the continents

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What is the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding to the next level of scientific inquiry?

-testing

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? Choose all that apply. 1. recording many depths using a long cable 2. direct visitation of the sea floor 3. sending sound through water (sonar) 4. using satellites to measure the sea surface 5. measuring seawater clarity

1. recording many depths using a long cable 2. direct visitation of the sea floor 3. sending sound through water (sonar) 4. using satellites to measure the sea surface

You are trying to figure out the age of a rock. You know that Uranium 235 decays to Lead 207, with a half life of 700 million years. You have measured the amount of Uranium 235 and Lead 207 in the rock and know that the ratio of Uranium to Lead atoms in the rock is 1:3 (25% Uranium, 75% lead). How old is this rock?

1.4 billion years old

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100 atoms

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100 atoms (Atoms of radioactive isotopes turn into atoms of other isotopes)

How much wider is the Atlantic Ocean today than when Christopher Columbus sailed? Assume that the Atlantic Ocean is getting wider at a rate of 3 centimeters per year (about 1 inch). (Round off the dates to the nearest century to make the calculation simpler.)

15 meters (about 49 feet)

What are 3 types of convergent boundaries?

2 oceanic plates converge, 2 continental plate converge, 1 oceanic and 1 continental plate converge

What are 2 types of divergent boundaries?

2 oceanic plates diverge, 2 continental plates diverge

The Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich how many years ago?

2.45 billion

the oldest ocean crust is about _______ years old and is located near _________

200 million years old; an ocean trench

If ocean crust forms at a rate of 10 centimeters per year, how much ocean crust can be created in 20 million years?

2000 kilometers

If ocean crust forms at a rate of 10 centimeters per year, how much ocean crust can be created in 20 million years? Select only one answer.

2000 kilometers

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?

25 atoms

Based on composition, how many layers make up the Earth?

3 (the crust, the mantle and the core)

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________.

3,681 meters (12,080 ft)

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately:

3,682 meters (12,080 feet).

3) The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. A) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) B) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) C) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet) D) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) E) 840 meters (2,756 feet)

3,682 meters (12080 feet)

The average depth of the ocean is

3682 meter (12, 080 feet)

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/ depth interval

4,000-5,000 m below sea level

23) Earth is about ________. 23) _____ A) 6,000 years old B) 40 billion years old C) 4.6 billion years old D) 400,000 years old E) 4.6 million years old

4.6 billion years old

Earth is about

4.6 billion years old

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old

Earth is roughly how old?

4.6 billion years old

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old.

Archaeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ___________ years ago.

40,000

When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form?

450 million years ago

When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form? (Part F)

450 million years ago

Bases on physical properties, how many layers does the Earth have?

5 (lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle or mesosphere, outer core and inner core)

How long ago was the sun and the rest of our solar system created?

5 billion years

When did our Solar System begin to form?

5 billion years ago

When did the solar system begin to form?

5 billion years ago

5 km is equal to:

5,000 m

A ships fathometer( an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters

5,500 meters

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters? 3,000 meters 4,550 meters 5,550 meters 7,400 meters 11,100 meters

5,550 meters

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?

50 million years ago

A rock sample contains 75 atoms of a parent isotope and 25 atoms of a daughter isotope. The half-life of the parent isotope is 100 years. How old is this rock?

50 years

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude 60 degrees east?

50%-80% by weight

49) Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago. 49) _____ A) 4,000,000 B) 50,000 C) 500,000 D) 5,000

50,000

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.

50,000

45) What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor? 45) _____ A) 65% B) 75% C) 70% D) 85% E) 80%

85%

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?

85%

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor? What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor? 80% 70% 75% 85% 65%

85%

69) How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?69) _____ A) < 5,000 B) 5,000 to 10,000 C) 10,000 to 15,000 D) 15,000 to 20,000 E) > 20,000

>20,000

How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?

>20,000

A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia

convergent boundary

A boundary in which two plates move together

transform fault boundary

A boundary much to put slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere

Volcanic island arc

A chain of all Volcanic Islands generally located a few hundred Kilometers from a trench where subduction of one oceanic slab beneath another is occurring

How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different? (Part D)

A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity

How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different?

A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity.

The Alps are an example of _____ plate boundary.

A continental-continental convergent

mid-ocean ridge

A continuous elevated zone on the floor of all the major ocean basins

Approximately how long does it take for a complete Wilson cycle to occur? (Part A)

A few hundred million years

Continental drift

A hypothesis that originally proposed that the continents had once joined to form a single supercontinent

How did our solar system begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity

How did our Solar System begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.

The average slope of the continental shelf is similar to the slope of which of the following?

A large parking lot

slab-pull

A mechanism that contributes to plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and pulls the trailing lithosphere along

ridge-push

A mechanism that may contribute to the plate motion; involves the oceanic lithosphere sliding down the oceanic ridge under the pull of gravity

Multi-beam sonar

A method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 Km

Where did our sun and solar system come from?

A nebula

what is a continental margin?

A part of a continent thats covered in shallow water

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time?

A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity.

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time? (Part E)

A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which shows a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity

divergent boundary

A region where the rigid plates are moving apart, typified by the oceanic ridges

What is a volcanic arc? (Part H)

A row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

How can plate tectonics be used to help explain the difference between a seamount and a tablemount

A seamount is a volcano with a cone-shaped top, whereas a tablemount is a volcano with a flattened top. Though both of these features originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridge, a tablemount has been subject to wave erosion when it rises above sea level. When the crust containing the tablemount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position), or is moved away from a hot spot, it is re-submerged with its flat top

How can plate tectonics be used to help explain the difference between a seamount and a tablemount?

What is a tablemount? (Part B)

A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive

What is a tablemount?

A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive.

5,550 meters

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?

What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary? (Part F)

A single volcano

What was Pangea? (Part H)

A supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago

Deep ocean trench

A surface future in the seafloor produced by the descending plate during subduction

Describe differences between transform faults and fracture zones

A transform fault is a seismically active are that shows evidence of pst transform fault activity. Two lithospheric plates are moving in opposite directions in a transform fault. A fracture zone, on the other hand, is a seismically inactive area that offsets the axis of a mid-ocean ridge. There is no relative motion because the lithospheric plates are moving in the same direction.

Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following? A) Broad continental shelves B) Chains of islands C) Volcanic and earthquake activity D) Deep-sea trenches E) Thin sediment accumulation

A) Broad continental shelves

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction? A) Fracture zone B) Nemataths C) Guyots D) Transform fault E) Seaknolls

A) Fracture zone

66) The San Andreas Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary. 66) _____ A) a continental transform B) a continental-continental convergent C) an oceanic transform D) an oceanic-continental convergent E) an oceanic-oceanic convergent

A) a continental transform

Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following except: A) broad continental shelves. B) chains of islands. C) deep-sea trenches. D) thin sediment accumulation. E) volcanic and earthquake activity.

A) broad continental shelves.

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along: A) contours at around 2,000 meters depth. B) current shorelines. C) edge of the continental shelf. D) edges of the deep sea floor. E) oceanic trenches in subduction zones.

A) contours at around 2,000 meters depth.

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) lithogenous. E) volcanogenic.

A) cosmogenous.

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with: A) deep-sea trenches. B) fracture zones. C) hydrothermal vents. D) mid-ocean ridges. E) spreading centers.

A) deep-sea trenches.

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by: A) erosion by turbidity currents. B) scouring by glaciers during the last ice age. C) erosion by major rivers in the past. D) earthquake activity. E) deposition of terrestrial sediment.

A) erosion by turbidity currents.

All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except: A) evaporation. B) iceberg melting. C) precipitation. D) river runoff. E) sea ice melting.

A) evaporation.

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? A) high heat capacity B) high salinity C) high viscosity D) low heat capacity E) low viscosity

A) high heat capacity

The San Andreas Fault: A) is a continental transform fault. B) is an oceanic transform fault. C) is associated with deep focus earthquakes. D) is located in the Juan de Fuca Plate.

A) is a continental transform fault.

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________. A) island arc B) transform fault C) mid-ocean ridge D) hotspot E) rift valley

A) island arc

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called: A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment. B) biogenous sediment. C) hydrogenous sediment. D) cosmogenous sediment. E) All of the above.

A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment.

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment: A) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris. B) microscopic spherules and abyssal clays. C) biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris. D) abyssal clays and evaporites. E) biogenous oozes and evaporites.

A) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris.

All of the following statements are true of ocean sediments except: A) ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. B) ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life. C) ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor. D) ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin. E) ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide.

A) ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to: A) the presence of convergent active margins. B) its smaller size compared to other ocean basins. C) the presence of seamounts. D) the absence of convergent active margins. E) all of the above.

A) the presence of convergent active margins.

C. submarine canyon

A. abyssal hill B. abyssal plain C. submarine canyon D. seamount E. tablemount

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the A. abyssal plain far from a continent. B. continental rise. C. continental shelf. D. crest of a mid-ocean ridge. E. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.

A. abyssal plain far from a continent.

B. deep focus earthquake

A. black smoker B. deep focus earthquake C. hydrothermal vent D. rift valley E. white smoker

E. rift valley

A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. passive margin B. ocean trench C. volcanic arc D. island arc E. continental arc

A. passive margin

D. seaknoll

A. rift valley B. oceanic ridge C. oceanic rise D. seaknoll E. seafloor spreading

D. abyssal plains

A. turbidity currents B. graded bedding C. turbidite deposits D. abyssal plains E. deep-sea fans

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. narrow or no continental shelves very deep ocean water depths subduction zones and associated faults the mid-ocean ridge volcanic arcs and active continental margins the Pacific Ring of Fire

ALL BUT MID OCEAN RIDGE

Plasticity

Ability of a solid to flow.

The cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, are about 380 miles apart. Plate motion along the San Andreas Fault is about five centimeters per year. If the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants continue to play at their current locations, how long will it be before their games will constitute a cross-town rivalry

About 12,230,000 years

About how many MAJOR tectonic plates are there? (10, 25, 50, 100, 1000)

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:

Abyssal hills or seaknolls

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

Abyssal plain far from a continent

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

Ages of rocks

48) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary? 48) _____ A) Mendocino Fault B) Aleutian Islands C) San Andreas Fault D) East Pacific Rise E) Red Sea

Aleutian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Aleutian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Aleutian Islands, Azores, Galapagos Islands, Canary Islands, and Iceland)

Aleutian Islands

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary?

Aleutian Islands

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary?

Aleutian islands

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was who?

Alfred Wegener

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener.

1) The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was ________. 1) _____ A) Alfred Wegener B) John Tuzo Wilson C) Frederick Vine D) Harry Hess E) Drummond Matthews

Alfred Wegner

What does the nebular hypothesis suggest? (Emphasis on nebular..)

All bodies in the solar system were formed from a giant gas cloud

What is the relationship between the mantle and asthenosphere? (Part C)

All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle

What is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere?

All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle.

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere? (Part A)

All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?

All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.

fracture zone.

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: continental shelf. fracture zone. continental rise. continental slope. submarine canyon.

Geosphere

All of the layers of Earth's interior and crust.

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because: they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below. they are unaffected by surface weather. they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. All the above statements are correct.

All the above statements are correct.

Where is the youngest ocean floor found? (Part F)

Along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

oceanic trenches.

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

Have the oceans always been salty

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet (at least 4 billion years ago), its chemical composition must have changed due to the high carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide content in the early atmosphere, as well as volcanic outgassing of gases such as chlorine

Why does the orange liquid rise when the lava lamp animation is plugged in? (Part B)

Although both liquids expand when heated, the orange liquid expands more

What is a seamount? (Part A)

An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge

What is a seamount?

An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge.

The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following?

Anaerobic bacteria

The great oxidization event resulted in the die-off of what organism?

Anaerobic bacteria

34) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 34) _____ A) Japan B) Andes Mountains C) Mariana Trench D) Hawaiian Islands E) Aleutian Islands

Andes Mountains

49) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? 49) _____ A) Himalaya Mountains B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

Andes Mountains

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? (Part I)

Andes and Cascades

15) Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? 15) _____ A) Fracture zones B) Hot spots C) Andesitic volcanoes D) Mid-ocean ridges E) Volcanic island arcs

Andesitic Volcanoes

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

Andesitic volcanoes

The Dead Sea Fault separates which two tectonic plates? Eurasian and North American African and Indian Nazca and South American The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates. Arabian and African

Arabian and African

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

Arctic

Which ocean is the shallowest in the world?

Arctic

Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?

Arctic Ocean

The earliest known life forms lived in rocks on the sea floor how many years ago?

Around 3.5 billion years go

Tectonic plates move about as fast as?

As your fingernails grow.

lithosphere is not destroyed or produced

At a transform fault boundary, ______

Which ocean is the shallowest?

Atlantic

The sea floor of which of the following oceans has the simplest and most symmetric pattern of age distribution?

Atlantic Ocean

The four principal ocean basins on Earth (plus one additional) are

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern & Arctic Oceans

1) The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the ________. A) Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans B) Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans C) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans D) Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans E) Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans

A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan

All of the following statements regarding pH are true except: A) A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. B) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. C) Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. D) pH will be buffered in deeper water where organisms with calcite shells sink. E) pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

B) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) terrigenous. E) volcanogenic.

B) biogenous.

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: A) boiling point elevation. B) calorie. C) latent heat of condensation. D) latent heat of evaporation. E) thermal capacity.

B) calorie.

Manganese nodules are an example of: A) biogenous sediments. B) cosmogenous sediments. C) hydrogenous sediments. D) terrigenous sediments. E) volcagenic sediments.

B) cosmogenous sediments.

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except: A) broad continental shelves. B) deep-sea trenches. C) shallow coastal waters. D) thick sediment accumulation. E) very little volcanic and earthquake activity.

B) deep-sea trenches.

As the salinity of seawater increases, its: A) density decreases. B) density increases. C) residence time increases. D) residence time decreases. E) residence time changes.

B) density increases.

All of the following are lithogenous sediments except: A) beach sand. B) diatom ooze. C) glacial deposits. D) clays. E) volcanic particles.

B) diatom ooze.

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along: A) convergent plate boundaries. B) divergent plate boundaries. C) transform plate boundaries. D) none of the above.

B) divergent plate boundaries.

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) glauconite D) phosphorites E) radiolarians

B) foraminiferans

An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean salinity occurs with a change in depth is the: A) barocline. B) halocline. C) isocline. D) pycnocline. E) thermocline.

B) halocline.

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to: A) strong covalent bonds. B) high surface tension. C) high viscosity. D) low surface tension. E) low viscosity.

B) high surface tension.

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is: A) associated with turbidity currents. B) in the same direction as the plates are spreading. C) in the same direction as the ridge offset. D) influenced by underwater boundary currents. E) perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B) in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except: A) they occur along transform plate boundaries. B) movement occurs in the same direction. C) they have many earthquakes. D) they occur between offset oceanic ridge segments.

B) movement occurs in the same direction.

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: A) not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges. B) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. C) parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. D) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. E) perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

B) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the: A) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living. B) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. C) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. D) plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. E) poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past.

B) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

The covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the: A) polarity of water molecules. B) sharing of electrons between the atoms. C) surface tension of water. D) transfer of electrons between the atoms. E) viscosity of water.

B) sharing of electrons between the atoms.

Deep ocean trenches are associated with: A) rift valleys. B) subduction zones. C) submarine canyons. D) transform faults. E) turbidity currents.

B) subduction zones.

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because: A) they are unaffected by surface weather. B) they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. C) they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. D) the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below. E) All of the above statements are correct.

B) they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys.

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? A) hot spots B) uplifted mountain ranges C) mid-ocean ridges D) volcanic island arcs

B) uplifted mountain ranges

A. black smoker C. hydrothermal vent D. rift valley E. white smoker

B. Deep focus earthquake

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. continental shelf B. abyssal hill C. shelf break D. continental rise E. continental slope

B. abyssal hill

What is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll?

Barrier reefs surround an inactive volcano emerging above sea level, while atolls surround the previous location of a submerged volcano.

What is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll? (Part F)

Barrier reefs surround an inactive volcano emerging above sea level, while atolls surround the previous location of a submerges volcano

Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called?

Basalt

Oceanic crust is primarily made of what?

Basalt

Oceanic crust is primarily:

Basalt

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?

Basalt

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________.

Bathymetry

measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography

Bathymetry

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Observation, Hypothesis, Belief, Theory, and Testing)

Belief

62) Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago. 62) _____ A) trillion B) billion C) million D) thousand

Billion

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

55) Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland?55) _____ A) Leif Eriksson B) Erik Thorvaldson C) Prince Henry the Navigator D) Bjarni Herjolfsson E) Thor Heyerdahl

Bjarni Herjolfsson

Who was the first viking to see Newfoundland?

Bjarni Herjolfsson

True

Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides. True or False

81) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Seismologists prefer the well-known Richter scale over the moment magnitude scale BECAUSE the Richter scale is better for larger-magnitude earthquakes. 81) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was: A) Harry Hess. B) Frederick Vine. C) Alfred Wegener. D) Drummond Matthews. E) John Tuzo Wilson.

C) Alfred Wegener.

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's: A) seamounts. B) tablemounts. C) abyssal hills or seaknolls. D) oceanic trenches. E) oceanic ridges.

C) abyssal hills or seaknolls.

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a: A) change in chemical composition. B) change in molecular weight. C) change in state. D) change in atomic mass. E) change in subatomic structure.

C) change in state.

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the: A) mid-ocean ridge. B) continental rise. C) continental slope. D) abyssal plain. E) trench.

C) continental slope.

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with: A) hydrothermal vents. B) mid-ocean ridges. C) deep-sea trenches. D) spreading centers. E) fracture zones.

C) deep-sea trenches.

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: A) carbonate dissolution. B) deposit feeders. C) fecal pellets. D) precipitation. E) wind.

C) fecal pellets.

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is: A) a function of salinity. B) about the same as other liquids. C) higher than other liquids. D) lower than other liquids. E) related to solvent concentration.

C) higher than other liquids.

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) lithogenous. E) volcanogenic.

C) hydrogenous.

43) Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find ________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust. 43) _____ A) decreased; increased B) decreased; decreased C) increased; increased D) increased; decreased

C) increased; decreased

Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water: A) contains ionic bonds. B) exists in three states of matter on Earth's surface. C) is a polar molecule. D) is a universal solvent. E) requires heat to condense.

C) is a polar molecule.

The surface tension of water: A) increases as density decreases. B) is related to salinity. C) is relatively high. D) is relatively low. E) is very similar in other liquids.

C) is relatively high.

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? A) clay-sized particles B) cosmogenous sediments C) large particles such as gravel D) manganese nodules E) silt-sized particles

C) large particles such as gravel

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. A) crust; lithosphere B) asthenosphere; lithosphere C) lithosphere; asthenosphere D) mantle; crust E) lithosphere; mesosphere

C) lithosphere; asthenosphere

Sediments found on continental margins are called: A) continental. B) estuarine. C) neritic. D) oceanic. E) pelagic.

C) neritic.

All of the following are methods used to desalinate water except: A) electrolysis. B) freeze separation. C) osmosis. D) reverse osmosis. E) distillation.

C) osmosis.

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: A) electron sharing. B) electron transfer. C) the polarity of water molecules. D) surface tension. E) the viscosity of water.

C) the polarity of water molecules.

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are: A) graded bedding. B) deep sea fans. C) turbidity currents. D) turbidite deposits. E)white smokers.

C) turbidity currents.

Which of the following is an example of an active continental margin? Choose all that apply. A) west coast of Africa B) east coast of the United States C) west coast of Chile D) east coast of Brazil E) west coast of the United States

C) west coast of Chile E) west coast of the United States

A. abyssal hill B. abyssal plain D. seamount E. tablemount

C. submarine canyon

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?

Cambrian

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on earth is because oxygen:

Can form ozone and block some UV

Describe seafloor spreading and why it was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics

Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the mid-oceanic ridges and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it provided a mechanism for continental and oceanic plate motion

Describe seafloor spreading and why it was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics.

23) The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was ________. 23) _____ A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Harry Hess C) Drummond Matthews D) Alfred Wegener E) Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was

Charles Darwin

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was ________.

Charles Darwin

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:

Charles Darwin

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:

Charles Darwin.

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.

Chemical composition

Age of Discovery began when

Christopher Columbus discovered the "New World"

9) The European "Age of Discovery" began with ________. 9) _____ A) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean B) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands C) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" D) Viking voyages to North America E) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World"

The European "Age of Discovery" began with

Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World."

The European "Age of Discovery" began with:

Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World."

Regarding glacial ages, why is it unlikely that the entire world was covered by ice 300 million years ago

Coal deposits from the same geologic age are now present in North America and Europe, which formed from the remains of vast tropical swamp plants

Regarding glacial ages, why is it unlikely that the entire world was covered by ice 300 million years ago?

Coal deposits from the same geologic age are now present in North America and Europe, which formed from the remains of vast tropical swamp plants.

Where did most of Earth's water come from?

Comets

17) Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE? 17) _____ A) Continental crust is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust. B) Continental crust is thicker and denser than oceanic crust. C) Continental crust is thinner and denser than oceanic crust. D) Continental crust and oceanic crust have equivalent densities. E) Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

continental and oceanic crust

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.

Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?

Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading.

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges? Fracture zone Continental rise Submarine canyon Continental shelf Continental slope

Continental rise

Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin? Shoreline Continental rise Continental slope Abyssal plain Continental shelf

Continental slope

The San Andreas Fault is an example of a _______________ plate boundary.

Continental transform

The Alps are an example of a _________________________________ plate boundary.

Continental-continental convergent

The Gulf of California is an example of a _________________ plate boundary.

Continental-continental divergence

What is the appropriate term for the movement of the orange liquid in the lava lamp animation? (Part C)

Convection

How does convection in the asthenosphere explain ocean basin features, heat flow, and the thickness of the lithosphere?

Convection cells are the driving mechanism which are associated with circular movement of rock material in the mantle. The rock material moved in the mantle made the ocean basin features. The thickness of the asthenopshere protects the features from the intense heat of the hot molten rock that comes to the surface. Convection cells regulate the heat throughout this process.

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer.

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

45) The tectonic forces called slab pull and slab suction may act in unison at which type of plate boundary? 45) _____ A) Transform B) Intraplate C) Convergent D) Divergent

Convergent

What boundary is formed when plates come together at boundaries or CRASH

Convergent

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mount building? (Part F)

Convergent boundaries

Name the 3 types of boundaries

Convergent, divergent and transform(strike-slip)

The tectonic forces called slab pull and slab suction may act in unison at which type of plate boundary?

Conversion

Which of the following statements about coral reefs and seamounts is most accurate? (Part D)

Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called

Cosmogenous

Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Cosmogenous Sediment

A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean

Which of the following is a difference between passive and active continental margins? A) Passive margins have narrower continental shelves. B) Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not. C) Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf. D) Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope. E) Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

D) Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Christopher Columbus B) John Cabot C) Vasco de Gama D)Ptolemy E) Ferdinand Magellan

D) Ptolemy

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? A) The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material. B) The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock. C) The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock. D) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. E) The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core.

D) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes linear scars in the ocean floor, caused by the collision of two plates along convergent plate margins? A) The gentle slope above sea level B) The long and flat part below sea level C) The shallowest slope below sea level D) The steep deepest part below sea level E) The steep segment above sea level

D) The steep deepest part below sea level

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: A) convergent plate boundary (continent-continent). B) convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic). C) convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). D) divergent plate boundary. E) transform fault boundary.

D) divergent plate boundary.

All of the following processes decrease the salinity of water except: A) precipitation. B) runoff. C) icebergs melting. D) evaporation. E) sea ice melting.

D) evaporation.

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the: A) continental rise. B) continental shelf. C) continental slope. D) fracture zone. E) submarine canyon.

D) fracture zone.

The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the: A) closed cycle. B) geologic cycle. C) hydrobiological cycle. D) hydrologic cycle. E) meteorological cycle.

D) hydrologic cycle.

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: A) cosmogenous. B) biogenous. C) hydrogenous. D) lithogenous. E) volcanogenic.

D) lithogenous.

New lithosphere is produced in association with: A) deep-sea trenches. B) fracture zones. C) hydrothermal vents. D) oceanic ridges. E) transform faults.

D) oceanic ridges.

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are: A) associated with hydrothermal vents. B) located in submarine canyons. C) parallel to the rift valley. D) perpendicular to the ridge axis.

D) perpendicular to the ridge axis.

An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the: A) barocline. B) halocline. C) isocline. D) pycnocline. E) thermocline.

D) pycnocline.

Wegener used all of the following provide evidence for continental drift except: A) age of selected continental rocks. B) apparent polar wandering. C) location of coral reef fossils. D) seafloor magnetic pattern. E) shape of continental margins.

D) seafloor magnetic pattern.

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is: A) abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf. B) abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise. C) rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf. D) shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain. E) slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D) shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: A) density. B) salinity. C) chlorinity. D) temperature. E) pH.

D) temperature.

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? A) fracture zones B) hot spots C) mid-ocean ridges D) volcanic island arcs

D) volcanic island arcs

A. Turbidity currents B. Graded bedding C. Turbidite deposits E. Deep-sea fans

D. Abyssal plains

A. rift valley B. oceanic ridge C. oceanic rise E. seafloor spreading

D. seaknoll

Which rock figure is likely to be in high in iron and magnesium?

Dark colored igneous rocks, formed from dry lava

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ______ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Declining

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Declining

rift valley

Deep faulted structure found along the axes of divergent plate boundary's; rift valleys can develop on the seafloor or on land

subduction zones

Deep ocean trenches are associated with______.

subduction

Deep, ocean trenches are found formed by which process? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?

Deep-sea trenches

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:

Deep-sea trenches

density stratification

Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true?

Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification.

Rift Valley

Depression along a ridge axis

The mid-ocean ridge is a topographically high feature, composed of basaltic lavas. Along the crest is a rift valley created by seafloor spreading. Cracks and faults are commonly observed in the central rift valley. Ocean ridges are segments of the mid-ocean ridge with a prominent rift valley and steep, rugged slopes resulting from slower plate divergence. Oceanic rises have slopes that are gentler and less rugged due to faster plate divergence.

Describe characteristics and features of the mid-ocean ridge, including the difference between oceanic ridges and oceanic rises.

A transform fault is a seismically active area that shows evidence of past transform fault activity. Two lithospheric plates are moving in opposite directions in a transform fault. A fracture zone, on the other hand, is a seismically inactive area that offsets the axis of a mid-ocean ridge. There is no relative motion because the lithospheric plates are moving in the same direction.

Describe differences between transform faults and fracture zones.

An echo sounder sends a sound signal from a ship downward into the ocean, where it produces echoes when it bounces off any density difference (e.g., the seafloor). The time it takes for the echoes to return to the point of origination is then used to determine the depth and corresponding shape of the ocean floor.

Describe how an echo sounder works.

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except :

Diatom ooze

South America and africa

Did geographic distribution of the swimming reptile mesosaurus provide evidence that was two continents were once joined?

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary

Divergent

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?

Divergent

What kind of boundaries are formed when plate moves or pulls apart?

Divergent

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor? (Part A)

Divergent

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

Divergent plate boundary

What are the three types of plate boundaries? (Part B)

Divergent, convergent, and transform

Plates move apart at _______ boundaries, move together at ______ boundaries, and move side by side at ______ boundaries. (Part C)

Divergent/ convergent/ transform

False

Due to the very harsh environmental conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents. True or False

Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation? A) degree of preservation B) dilution C) input from other sediment types D) rate of deposition E) All of the above factors are important.

E) All of the above factors are important.

The four main classifications of marine sediment include: A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment. B) biogenous sediment. C) hydrogenous sediment. D) cosmogenous sediment. E) All of the above.

E) All of the above.

The relief in which of the following regions is similar to that found in mountain ranges on the continents? A) Abyssal plain B) Continental shelf C) Shoreline D) Continental rise E) Continental slope

E) Continental slope

The ion in seawater that serves as a buffer is: A) Ca+2. B) Cl-. C) CO2. D) Na+. E) HCO3-.

E) HCO3-.

55) The East Africa Rift Valleys are an example of ________ plate boundary. 55) _____ A) an oceanic-oceanic divergent B) an oceanic-continental convergent C) a continental transform D) a continental-continental convergent E) a continental-continental divergent

E) a continental-continental divergent

Evidence for continental drift includes: A) the fit of the continents. B) matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains. C) past glacial activity. D) the distribution of organisms. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

Fossil remains of organisms on land and in sediments can be used to: A) indicate the relative age of the sediments. B) provide evidence for plate movement. C) suggest ancient climate characteristics. D) support the idea that landmasses were joined. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: A) being subducted beneath the North American plate. B) being subducted beneath Japan. C) being thrust over the North American plate. D) diving under Japan. E) moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

E) moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? A) coccolithophores B) corals C) foraminiferans D) phosphorites E) radiolarians

E) radiolarians

All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except: A) evaporites. B) halites. C) manganese nodule. D) phosphates. E) stromatolites.

E) stromatolites.

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining: A) apparent polar wandering. B) fossils in marine sediments. C) glacial debris at various locations. D) the location of ancient coral reefs. E) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

E) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: A) ocean salinity varies as a function of season. B) ocean salinity varies with geographical location. C) the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. D) the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. E) the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

E) the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: A) barocline. B) halocline. C) isocline. D) pycnocline. E) thermocline.

E) thermocline.

All of the following are true concerning neritic sediment deposits except: A) they may contain coarse-grained sand and rock fragments in the sediments. B) they may contain sediments of lithogenous origin. C) they may contain sediments transported from rivers onto the continental shelf. D) they may form in shallow coastal waters. E) they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin

E) they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin

A. Continental margin B. Active margin C. Convergent Active margin D. Transform active margin

E. Rift valley

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? sending sound through water (sonar) using satellites to measure the sea surface recording many depths using a long cable direct visitation of the sea floor measuring sea water clarity

EVERYTHING BUT MEASURING

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve (figure shown below), which is/are true? The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows the amount of water in the oceans. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is below 4 kilometers deep.

EVERYTHING BUT The hypsographic curve shows the amount of water in the oceans.

What time period did Trilobite's exist in?

Early Cambrian

Which of the following ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense?

Early organisms likely evolved into more complex organisms. As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided a likely environment for life to develop. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen.

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate that it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? (Part G)

Earth would increase in volume

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries?

Earth would increase in volume.

false

Earth's continents have always been about where they are now. (true, false)

false

Earth's lithosphere is a solid outer shell with no cracks. (true, false)

Describe Earth's magnetic field, including how it has changed through time

Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate within Earth and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has reversed itself throughout geologic time

Describe Earth's magnetic field, including how it has changed through time.

Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate within Earth and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has reversed itself throughout geologic time.

Which of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field is most accurate? (Part B)

Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

faults

Earthquakes are usually associated with _______.

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate? (Part C)

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries

What is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?

East Africa

Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?

East Africa

Which of the following is an example of a passive continental margin? Southern Coast of Alaska West Coast of Chile East Coast of Japan East Coast of the United States West Coast of Mexico

East Coast of the United States

46) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary? 46) _____ A) East Pacific Rise B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Red Sea E) Mendocino Fault

East Pacific Rise

76) Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle? 76) _____ A) Pacific Ocean B) Red Sea C) Atlantic Ocean D) East Africa E) Mediterranean Sea

East africa

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary?

East- Pacific Rise

50) Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last? 50) _____ A) Hawaiian Islands B) Easter Island C) Marquesas D) New Zealand E) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa

Easter Island

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?

Easter Island

Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology?

Echo sounder

Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology? (Part B)

Echo sounder

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ______.

Edges at around 2,000 meters depth

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along?

Edges at around 2,000 meters depth

53) Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? 53) _____ A) Christopher Columbus B) Claudius Ptolemy C) Pytheas D) Eratosthenes E) Erik Thorvaldson

Eratosthenes

7) The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was ________. A) Seneca B) Pytheas C) Herodotus D) Eratosthenes E) Ptolemy

Eratosthenes

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was

Eratosthenes

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes

Who first determined the circumference of the Earth using trig?

Eratosthenes

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?

Eratosthenes

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine the world's circumference?

Eratosthenes

Who discovered Greenland?

Eric Thorvaldsen, aka Eric the Red

54) Which of the following Vikings is credited with discovering Greenland? 54) _____ A) Leif ErikssonB) Bjarni Herjolfsson C) Thor Heyerdahl D) Erik Thorvaldson

Erik Thorvaldson

How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity? (Part C)

Every 100,000 to several million years

true

Every continent is part of a tectonic plate. (true, false)

false

Every major tectonic plate contains a continent. (true, false)

Graded bedding is created by turbidity currents. As the current slows, the larger suspended pieces of sediment fall out first, and then progressively smaller pieces settle out.

Explain what graded bedding is and how it forms.

abyssal plains.

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:

Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound. True False

FALSE

Convergent plate boundaries occur when tectonic plates move in opposite directions.

False

Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land.

False

Free oxygen was a common constituent of the Earth's early atmosphere.

False

Free oxygen was abundant in the Earth's primordial atmosphere.

False

In Europe, significant oceanographic knowledge was acquired during the Middle Ages.

False

Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust because it is made of silica and manganese.

False

The residence time of water in the atmosphere is equal to the residence time of water in the oceans.

False

The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons. True False

False

Water depth decreases as you move away from the mid-ocean ridge.

False

Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth?

Fathom

Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth? Meter Mile League Foot Fathom

Fathom

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

Fecal pellets

59) Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? 59) _____ A) James Cook B) Giovanni Caboto C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Prince Henry the Navigator E) Vasco da Gama

Ferdinand Magellan

Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

Ferdinand Magellan

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Ferdinand Magellan & his sailors

10) The European "Age of Discovery" ended with ________. 10) _____ A) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands B) Viking voyages to North America C) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe D) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" E) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Age of Discovery ended with

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Of the following events, which occurred during the Age of Discovery in Europe?

Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe & Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world."

51) Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated first? 51) _____ A) Easter Island B) Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa C) New Zealand D) Marquesas E) Hawaiian Islands

Fiji, tonga, and Samoa

false

For the most part, the edges of the continents are the tectonic plate boundaries. (true, false)

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?

Fracture zones

Which is the correct order of coral reef development near seamounts? (Part G)

Fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island on continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:

Fringing reefs

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called __________.

Fringing reefs

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:

Fringing reefs

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.

Geological

What do you call the study of the ocean floor?

Geological Oceanography

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (SeaBeam, Global positioning system GPS, GLORIA, Sea MARC, or Precision depth recorder PDR)

Global positioning system or GPS

The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following? Graded Bedding Turbidity Currents Nonconformities Suspension Deposits Sandstone Layering

Graded Bedding

Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called?

Granite

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west?

Greater than 80% by weight

A tablemount is another name for a(n)

Guyot

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ______.

Guyots

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called?

Guyots

7) The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist ________. 7) _____ A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Drummond Matthews C) Alfred Wegener D) Harry Hess E) Frederick Vine

Harry Hess

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist

Harry Hess

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist ________. 7) _____ A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Drummond Matthews C) Alfred Wegener D) Harry Hess E) Frederick Vine

Harry Hess

Who wrote "The History of Ocean Basins"?

Harry Hess

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:

Harry Hess.

Hawaiian Islands

Which of the following is an example of a nematath?

Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain

Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents? (Part C)

High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge

Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents?

High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.

50) Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary?50) _____ A) Andes Mountains B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Himalaya Mountains E) Mendocino Fault

Himalaya Mountains

When the subcontinent of India drifted northward and collided with Asia, what landform was created? (Part E)

Himalaya Mountains

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary?

Himalaya Mountains

29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Oceanic-continental convergence B) Oceanic-oceanic convergence C) Transform plate boundary D) Hot spot E) Divergent plate boundary

Hot spot

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? (Part E)

Hot spots

The Big Island of Hawaii is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a

Hotspot

Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

How do turbidity currents affect canyons?

age increases

How does the age of deadline sediments change with increasing distance from the ocean ridge?

infrequently

How often do turbidity currents occur?

semi-solid rock

How would you describe the material found at #3? (lava, magma, molten metal, semi-solid rock)

magma

How would you describe the material found at #5? (lava, magma, molten metal, semi-solid rock)

What kinds of unusual life can be found associated with hydrothermal vents? how do these organisms survive

Hydrothermal vents are home to unusual deep-ocean ecosystems that include giant tube worms, large clams, beds of mussels, and many other creatures. These organisms are able to survive in the absence of sunlight because the vents discharge hydrogen sulfide gas, which is metabolized by Archaea (bacteria adapted to harsh conditions to provide a source of food for other organisms

11) A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an ________. 11) _____ A) hypothesis B) observation C) guess D) law E) theory

Hypothesis

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

Hypothesis

This is for the cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation

Hypsographic curve

28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Age of the ocean floor B) Distribution of earthquakes C) Ice age D) Seafloor spreading E) Paleomagnetism

Ice age

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true?

In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? (All/5)

In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time. In a nematath, the age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move closer to the volcanic source. A nematath is created by a hotspot. Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. A volcanic arc is associated with a convergent plate boundary.

sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.

true

In the distance future, scientists predict that the continents will move and join together in a single, large landmass. (true, false)

created

In the picture, lithosphere is being _____. (created, destroyed, none of these)

none of these

In the picture, lithosphere is being _____. (created, destroyed, none of these)

destroyed

In the picture, lithosphere is being _____. (created, destroyed, none or these)

Where do coral reefs exist with sea mounts? (Part C)

In tropical latitudes

Coral reefs______.

Include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

Based on the theory of place tectonics you would expect to find __________ heat flow at the mid-oceanic ridge and _________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust.

Increased, decreased

Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find __________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ____________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust.

Increased; decreased

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere does what?

Increases in proportion to the distance

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

Increases in proportion to the distance

Which ocean basin is located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere?

Indian

Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas?

Indian Ocean

Core

Innermost layer of the earth; divided into inner and outer core.

Lower mantle

Innermost layer of the two mantle layers; composed of rock cooler than the core.

Inner core

Innermost region of the earth; composed of solid iron.

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a?

Island arc

How did the moon form?

It is believed that a Mars-size planet collided with early earth, and the moon was formed from the rubble.

true

It is usually more calm and peaceful when you live farther from the edge of a tectonic plate. (true, false)

What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?

It was blown away by the solar wind.

58) Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people? 58) _____ A) James Cook B) Vasco da Gama C) Prince Henry the Navigator D) Ferdinand Magellan E) Giovanni Caboto

James Cook

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.

James Cook

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was?

James Cook

Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

James Cook

60) Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? 60) _____ A) Vasco da Gama B) Giovanni Caboto C) Ferdinand Magellan D) Vasco Nunez de Balboa E) Juan Sebastian del Caño

Juan Sebastian del Cano

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll?

Kauai

Climate distribution is controlled primarily by what?

Latitude

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

Latitude

Outer core

Layer immediately outside the inner core; composed of liquid iron and sulfur.

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

Less than 30% biogenous material.

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?

Lithogenous Sediment

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

Lithosphere

Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion?

Lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

Lithosphere, Asthenosphere

21. Tectonic plates are pieces of the ___________ that float on the more fluid _____________ below.

Lithosphere; asthenosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ______ that float on the more fluid ______ below.

Lithosphere; asthenosphere

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Mature

What stage is marked by the creation of a well-formed ocean basin with a mid-ocean ridge in the middle? (Part C)

Mature

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on ___________. Select only one answer.

24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) Indian B) Arctic C) Atlantic D) Mediterranean E) Pacific

Mediterranean

51) Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary? 51) _____ A) San Andreas Fault B) Mendocino Fault C) East Pacific Rise D) Aleutian Islands E) Red Sea

Mendocino Fault

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary?

Mendocino Fault

Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?

Mesosauras

What fossil was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?

Mesosaurus

Ascension Island is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a

Mid-ocean ridge

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? (Part D)

Mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

seafloor spreading

Mid-ocean ridges are formed by which process? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: parallel to and symmetric about ___________________.

Mid-ocean ridges.

Where do most earthquakes come from?

Mid-oceanic ridges

Mantle

Middle layer of the of the earth; composed of an upper and lower mantle.

How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study?

More than 2000

What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?

More than fifty percent

Why does a map of worldwide earthquakes closely match the locations of worldwide plate boundaries?

Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates & Earthquakes usually occur where 2 plates are running into each other or sliding past each other.

plate tectonic processes

Most ocean floor features owe their origins to _________.

true

Most tectonic plate boundaries are found under the ocean. (true, false)

Continental volcanic arc

Mountains formed in part by volcanic activity caused by the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

Moving over a hot spot or mantle plume

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to: ______. (Part B)

Moving toward

a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide

Multi-beam sonar

convergent

Name the type of plate boundary shown in the picture. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

divergent

Name the type of plate boundary shown in the picture. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

transform

Name the type of plate boundary shown in the picture. (convergent, divergent, tectonic, transform, transitional)

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called

Natural Selection

Where in a lava lamp would the density of both materials be equal? (Part D)

Near the middle of the lamp

volcanic in origin

Nearly all oceanic islands are __________.

13) The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a ________. 13) _____ A) protoplanet B) solar system C) supernova D) nebula E) quasar

Nebula

Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically active, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.

Neither

What happens when two continental plates converge?

Neither subducts; instead, a mountain range forms.

Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called _______.

Nemataths

Where is the Alpine Fault located? Alaska The Alps California New Zealand near Egypt

New Zealand

divergent boundaries

New ocean crust is formed at _______.

false

North Carolina is very close to a tectonic plate boundary. (true, false)

Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?

Observations

44) Most large earthquakes occur along which of the following? 44) _____ A) Other faults in the sea floor B) Mid-ocean ridges C) Ocean trenches D) Faults on land

Ocean Trenches

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true?

Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches.

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? (2)

Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge.

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? (Party E)

Ocean trenches and volcanoes

False

Ocean trenches are deep linear scars in the ocean floor caused by the divergence of plates along divergent plate boundaries. True or False

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a ________

Oceanic Divergent Plate Boundary

30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Oceanic trench B) Seafloor spreading C) Rift valley D) Divergent plate boundary E) Rifting

Oceanic Trench

Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land? A) Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust. B) More erosion happens on land than in the ocean. C) Continental crust is less buoyant than oceanic crust. D) Oceanic crust is cooler than continental crust. E) Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust.

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.

What is the difference between Oceanic and Continental crust?

Oceanic crust is thicker and less dense than continental crust.

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________

Oceanic ridges

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called_____.

Oceanic ridges

divergent plate boundaries.

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along:

true

Oceanic ridges are cut by a number of transform faults, which offset spreading zones.True or False

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:

Oceanic rises

The gently sloping and fast-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.

Oceanic rises

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

Oceanic trenches

The Peru Chile Trench is an example of an __________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-continental convergence

The Andes Mountains are an example of an ____________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-continental convergent

The Mariana Trench is an example of an ___________________ plate boundary.

Oceanic-oceanic convergent

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's?

Oceans

Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities? (Part F)

On both sides of the mid-ocean ridge

North American

On the map, #1 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

Australian

On the map, #11 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

Eurasian

On the map, #2 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

South American

On the map, #6 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

African

On the map, #7 is the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

What did the surface of Earth look like 600 million years ago? (Part A)

One large continent surrounded by ocean

Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?

Outer Core

Upper mantle

Outermost layer of the two mantle layers; includes the asthenosphere and lower mantle lithosphere composed of solid rock, most of which flows due to convection currents within the mantle.

Most of Earth's water was derived from?

Outgassing

What initially formed the Earth's atmosphere?

Outgassing

Faster waves?

P waves

Which ocean is the deepest, largest and has a name that came from the a word meaning "peace"?

Pacific

2) The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the ________. A) Pacific Ocean B) Arctic Ocean C) Atlantic Ocean D) Southern Ocean E) Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Deep-ocean trenches and volcanic arcs result from the collision of two plates at convergent plate boundaries and mostly occur along the margins of which of the following oceans? Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans? Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is?

Pacific Ocean

The largest ocean basin is the

Pacific Ocean

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the

Pacific Ocean

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the:

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following has the deepest waters?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic?

Pacific and Nazca

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called

Paleoceanography

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called what?

Paleogeography

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

Paleogeography

2) Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? 2) _____ A) The distribution of organisms B) Matching sequences of rocks C) Paleomagnetic reversals D) Past glacial activity E) The fit of the continents

Paleomagnetic reversals

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?

Paleomagnetic reversals

Which of the following is the most convincing piece of evidence set forth to support the concept of sea floor spreading?

Paleomagnetism

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) Pangaea B) Tethys Sea C) Panamerica D) Panthalassia E) Gondwanaland

Panamerica

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Panamerica

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Gondwanaland, Panthalassia, Panamerica, Pangea, or Tethys Sea)

Panamerica

supercontinent 250 million years ago

Pangaea

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ______________.

Parallel and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

What happens during radioactive decay?

Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes

deep-sea trenches.

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except: thick sediment accumulation. broad continental shelves. deep-sea trenches. very little volcanic and earthquake activity. shallow coastal waters.

Name four things that were used as evidence to explain continental drift?

Past glacial activity, the distribution of organisms, matching sequences of rocks and the fit of the continents.

52) The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. 52) _____ A) Phoenicians B) Chinese C) Greeks D) Polynesians

Pheonicians

5) The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the ________. A) Vikings B) Phoenicians C) New Zealanders D) Greeks E) Polynesians

Phoenicians

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the

Phoenicians

The first humans from the Western Hemisphere known to have developed navigation are

Phoenicians

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.

Phoenicians

Who made the first circumnavigation of Africa?

Phoenicians

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the:

Phoenicians.

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.

Physical

What subcategory of Oceanography studies the science behind light and sound emissions in the ocean?

Physical Oceanographers

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the:

Plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

Which process causes the surface geography of Earth to change over time? (Part B)

Plate tectonics

Subduction

Plates move together creating _______

folding, subduction

Powerful, mega-thrust earthquakes are produced by which two processes? (folding, rifting, seafloor spreading, subduction)

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the metallic minerals in and around black smokers? Precipitation Suspension settling Undersea streams Melting icebergs Turbidity currents

Precipitation

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

Precision-depth recorder (PDR)

When was the Precambrian eon? (Part D)

Prior to 600 million years ago

The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called

Productivity

63) Which of the following was true about the Protoearth? 63) _____ A) Protoearth had early primitive life forms. B) Protoearth had one large ocean. C) Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous. D) Protoearth's size was smaller than today's Earth.

Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous

27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) John Cabot B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Vasco de Gama D) Christopher Columbus E) Ptolemy

Ptolemy

6) The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by ________. A) Ptolemy B) Herodotus C) Pytheas D) Eratosthenes E) Seneca

Pytheas

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:

Pytheas

Who created the method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere? (By using angles and stars and all that)

Pytheas

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?

Rare-earth elements

Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years?

Rare-earth elements

47) Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary? 47) _____ A) San Andreas Fault B) Red Sea C) Himalaya Mountains D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

Red Sea

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary?

Red Sea

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Continental arc, Volcanic arc, Island arc, Rift valley, or Convergent plate boundary)

Rift Valley

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?

Rotation of the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

52) Which of the following is an example of a continental transform plate boundary? 52) _____ A) San Andreas Fault B) Aleutian Islands C) Himalaya Mountains D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

San Andreas Fault

Which of the following techniques is used to determine the ocean data shown on the map?

Satellite-derived gravity

True

Satellites measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor. True or False?

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

Scientific Theories

a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences

Scientific Theory

61) Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea? 61) _____ A) Contagious disease B) Scurvy C) Gunfire D) Shipwreck

Scurvy

Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea?

Scurvy

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? 6) _____ A) Seafloor magnetic patterns B) Locations of active volcanoes C) Magnetic pole reversals D) Earthquake distribution E) Shape of continental margins

Seafloor magnetic patterns

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1000 meters tall are called?

Seaknolls

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:

Seamounts

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shapes on top because they never reached sea level are called:

Seamounts

False

Seamounts form from ancient tablemounts. True or False

Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time?

Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight.

Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time? (Part E)

Seamounts subside as tectonic plates moves. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight

What is the difference between an ocean and a sea

Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of saltwater, somewhat enclosed by land, but directly connected to the world oceans

abyssal plains

Sediments deposited by the process of suspension settling produce the main sediment found on ___________. Select only one answer.

True

Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land. True or False?

oceanic rises.

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:

Oceanographers who want to know about ocean structure beneath the sea floor use which of the following techniques?

Seismic Reflection

This is used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor

Seismic reflection profile

6) Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? 6) _____ A) Seafloor magnetic patterns B) Locations of active volcanoes C) Magnetic pole reversals D) Earthquake distribution E) Shape of continental margins

Shape of continental margins

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift?

Shape of continental margins

Imagine you are a geological oceanographer. As an expert, you are asked by a student to recommend the technique that would produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend? Precision depth recorder Seismic reflection Multibeam echo sounder Side-scan sonar Satellite altimetry

Side-scan sonar

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Glaciers, Rivers, Siliceous ooze, Volcanic ash, and Turbidity currents)

Siliceous ooze

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?

Silly Putty

What boundary is formed by plates sliding past each other?

Slide-slip or transform

Subduction Zone

Sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:

Some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere?

Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere.

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques? Seismic Reflection Magnetometer Side-scan Sonar Multibeam Sonar Sounding

Sounding

Which ocean is actually part of three other oceans?

Southern

Mid-ocean ridge

Spreading center

Seafloor magnetic stripes

Spreading center

Seafloor spreading

Spreading center

26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 26) _____ A) Drummond Matthews B) Stanley Miller C) Frederick Vine D) Alfred Wegener E) Harry Hess

Stanley Miller

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Stanley Miller

What did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate

Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "pre-biotic soup")

Deep ocean trenches are associated with:

Subduction Zones

Island arc

Subduction zone

Trench

Subduction zone

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Tablemount Abyssal plain Seamount Abyssal hill Submarine canyon

Submarine canyon

Pangaea

Supercontinent 250 million years ago

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?

Suspension settling

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor? Suspension settling Black smokers Precipitation Melting icebergs Undersea streams

Suspension settling

Continent-continent convergence occurs in what stage of the Wilson cycle? (Part D)

Suturing

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ______ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Suturing

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle

Suturing

Volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called?

Tablemounts

year

Tectonic plate motion is measured in centimeters per _____. (second, hour, day, month, year)

false

Tectonic plates are found deep inside of Earth and cannot be seen. (true, false)

lithosphere

Tectonic plates are massive pieces of Earth's _____. (asthenosphere, crust, lithosphere, mantle, mesosphere)

asthenosphere

Tectonic plates float on top of a semi-solid, taffy-like layer called the _____. (asthenosphere, crust, lithosphere, mantle, mesosphere

Which of the following statements is true regarding tectonic plates?(Part A)

Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust

convection

Tectonic plates motion is caused by _____ in the asthenosphere. (conduction, convention, insulation, radiation)

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:

Tektites

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that ______.

The African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

44) Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world? 44) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean

45) Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? 45) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean

42) Which ocean is similar in size and average depth to the Indian Ocean? 42) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Southern Ocean C) The Atlantic Ocean D) The Pacific Ocean E) The Indian Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean

Converging continental-continental

The Himalayas in South Asia are an example of what type of plate boundary?

43) Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere? 43) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Indian Ocean

47) Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas? 47) _____ A) The Red Sea B) The Indian Ocean C) The Caspian Sea D) The Black Sea E) The Mediterranean Sea

The Indian Ocean

48) Which ocean was considered by 14th century Europeans to be one of the seven seas? 48) _____ A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean

The Indian Ocean

Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely in the southern hemisphere?

The Indian Ocean

Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas?

The Indian Ocean

The deepest part of the ocean is

The Mariana Trench, located off the coast of Japan

How did the Moon form

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

How did the Moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

40) Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world? 40) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Pacific Ocean

41) Which ocean's name comes from a word meaning peace? 41) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Antarctic Ocean E) The Atlantic Ocean

The Pacific Ocean

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

The Pacific Ocean

46) Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans? 46) _____ A) The Atlantic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Southern Ocean D) The Arctic Ocean E) The Indian Ocean

The Southern Ocean

Which of the following statements is supported by the nebular hypothesis regarding the formation of our solar system?

The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began.

North American

The United States is part of the _____ plate. (African, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American)

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Continental slopes around the margins of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are less than the global average slope BECAUSE they contain mostly passive continental margins.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.