oceanography exam 2

avg salinity of seawater

30 and 35 ppt (parts per thousand).

covalent bond

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.

hydrogen bonding

A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between polar molecules that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F) experiences attraction to some other nearby highly electronegative atom.

how do negative ions form

A negative ion (anion) is formed when an atom or group of atoms gains electron(s) until there are more electrons than protons. Only non-metals form negative ions - this ability (to gain electrons) is intrinsic to the nature of non-metals.

polar molecule

A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (H2O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other.

how do positive ions form

An positive ion (cation) is formed by removing electron(s) from an atom or group of atoms. Only metals form positive ions - this ability (to lose electrons) is intrinsic to the nature of metals.

what kind of material does water dissolve most easily?

Anything polar. It's from the the relatively polar ends of water. itself/sugar/salt

covalent compound

Covalent Compound Definition: a molecule formed by covalent bonds, in which the atoms share one or more pairs of valence electronsExamples: water, sucrose, DNA

what makes the atoms of one element different from atoms of all other chemical elements

Different elements have very different physical properties or characteristics. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, electrons and neutrons. However, atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons. All protons are identical to one another, as are all electrons and all neutrons. It is only the number of these subatomic particles that creates the different properties found among the elements.

how are fish in fresh water affected by osmosis/ fish is sea water

Fish cells and skin are semi-permeable membranes. Eventually, theconcentration of stuff on either side of them will even out. A fishthat lives in salt water will have somewhat salty water inside itself.Put it in the bathtub, and the freshwater will, through osmosis, enter the fish, causing it or its cells to swell and die. Put a freshwaterfish in the ocean, and the water inside the fish will leave for theoutside. The fish or its cells would suffer from dehydration and associated health effects.

why is it difficult for H2O to boil

Ice Melts at 32 degrees. Water boils at 212 degrees. Maybe it takes more energy to bring water to the boiling point. The amount of energy required to melt one mole of a solid depends on the strength of the forces keeping the particles together in the solid. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules are strong so it takes a large amount of energy.

ionic compound

In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a structure by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonds. The positively charged ions are called cations and the negatively charged ions are called anions.

ionic bond

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. These ions represent atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as an anion).

why is oil relativiely insoluble in water

Oil is nonpolar. Water is a polar solvent.

describe major diff. between electrons and protons

Protons are found in the nucleus and electrons are found in an electron cloud around the nucleus, arranged in several orbitals. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Electrons have an almost negligible mass. That is why when atomic mass is calculated, it only takes into account the mass of the protons present in the atom. The number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom are equal so that the net charge on the atom is zero (positive and negative balance each other out).

what process adds major ions into seawater?

The processes of evaporation and precipitation (rain or snow) remove and add water to seawater and thereby change the amount of the salt in water or its salinity.

what is osmosis

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

ion

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

typical salinity of fresh water

fresh water (typical city water in United States) : < 100 ppm (parts per million)

define salinity

is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water

two abundant ions in seawater

sodium and chloride; In sea water typically there are close to 35 grams of dissolved salts in each liter.

what evidence indicates that ocean is well mixed on a world wide scale

there are the same major chemicals everywhere