Oceans Exam 1 - Vocab/Homework Questions

Which has a higher pH? Freshwater Soda Vinegar Seawater

seawater

What is deep water formation?

sinking of water masses - a vertical mixing process

What is the primary difference between an ice sheet and an ice cap?

size

How was the MOC different during the last glacial period?a)faster than today b)slower than today c)no difference

slower than today

What pH is neutral?

7

What percent of the earth is covered by ocean?

70

The oceans have absorbed approximately ______ of the increased heat

90

Oxygen concentration in a water column varies with depth. What causes oxygen concentration to increase at deep depths (below 1,000 m)? Pick the BEST answer. Photosynthesis & Pressure Photosynthesis & Salinity Pressure & Temperature Salinity & Respiration

Pressure & Temperature

Which of the following is an example of a short-term climatic event? Cold winter season Hurricane season Jet Stream Oscillation El Nino

El Nino

Which is an example of natural variability that causes short-term global temperature averages to vary interannually? Blizzards Hurricanes El Nino events Tornadoes

El nino events

What causes floods? (Natural, 5)

Heavy precipitation Snowmelt Thunderstorms Storm surges Ice/debris jams

What causes hurricanes?

Higher sea surface temperatures

What does the thermohaline circulation heat?

North Atlantic and Northern Europe

Where has precipitation increased? (3) more than 30%

Northeast, Midwest, and upper Great Plains

What important role to the oceans play in global climate? Oceans store and transport greenhouse gasses Oceans absorb greenhouse gasses Oceans absorb heat Oceans aborb, store and transport heat and greenhouse gasses Oceans store and transport heat

Oceans aborb, store and transport heat and greenhouse gasses

Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density? sea ice melting sea ice formation surface water evaporation Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation sea ice melting and surface water evaporation

Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation

Economic disaster losses are ____________ in developed countries and fatalities are ____________ in developing countries. Fill in the blanks with the best word choices from the list below. a)lower; lower b)higher; higher c)higher; lower d)lower; higher

b)higher; higher

What drives the THC?

high-latitude cooling

What does the term anthropogenic mean? Natural in origin Enhanced effect Occurring every decade Human-caused

human caused

What physical characteristics of the Arctic make climate feedbacks possible? polar latitude geography extent of open ocean ice coverage

ice coverage

What factors control how much gas can be held in a solution? (3)

temperature salinity pressure

What are climate models used for? (3)

to simulate past climate events, forecast future weather events, and tell us about the interactions/feedback mechanisms of the climate

Which of the greenhouse gasses below has the highest concentration in Earth's atmosphere. Water Vapor Nitrous Oxide Methane Carbon Dioxide CFCs

water vapor

What is the largest potential source to future sea level rise? Melting of Arctic sea ice Melting of ice sheets Thermal expansion

melting of ice sheets

What types of businesses or industries will benefit from the warming of the Arctic? (3)

mining, oil/gas extraction, commercial shipping

The increased energy in the climate system (heat) is primarily stored in the... Ocean Atmosphere North Pole Antarctica

ocean

Which choice(s) below describe the negative feedback loop found in the Arctic? Select all that apply. Exposed land and ocean reflect more solar radiation. Increased clouds and moisture trap heat released from Earth. Melting ice increases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight. Melting ice decreases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight.

Melting ice increases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight.

Where will light attenuate more rapidly? Nutrient rich coastal temperate waters Clear tropical open ocean waters

Nutrient rich coastal temperate waters

What causes floods? (Anthropogenic, 3)

Structural failures Altered drainage Land cover alterations (pavement)

Which two states set new records for experiencing over 100 days over 100 degrees?

Texas and Oklahoma

Which two areas set records for the highest monthly average temperatures?

Texas and the midwest

How is the Arctic tundra changing? Select all that apply. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased greenness. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased permafrost warming. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased browning. The Arctic tundra is experiencing decreased permafrost warming.

The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased greenness. The Arctic tundra is experiencing increased permafrost warming.

Who is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sponsored by?

The United Nations

How does the melting of sea ice lead to sea level rise? Melting of sea ice will add large volumes of water to the oceans, thereby contributing to sea level rise. Sea ice has a low reflectivity, which traps heat and leads to thermal expansion of surrounding surface water, thereby contributing to sea level rise. The break up of sea ice will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise. Melting of sea ice leads to pockets of warm water of the surface that is less dense and has a larger volume, thereby contributing to sea level rise.

The break up of sea ice will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise.

The total melting of Arctic sea ice will result in a sea level increase of ______ meter(s). Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below. 0.25 1 0.5 0.75 0

0

How much has the pH in oceans changed since the industrial revolution?

0.1 pH decrease (30% incr in hydrogen ions)

Coral reefs are sensitive to ocean acidity and some reefs may disappear within how many years?

20-30

The concentration of free H+ in seawater has increased by about how much?

25%

The average surface air temperature for the year ending September 2017 is the ____ warmest since 1900.

2nd

Oceans have absorbed ______ of the anthropogenic CO2 in the climate system.

30

By how much has the acidity of the ocean INCREASED since the Industrial Revolution?

30%

Sea surface temperatures in the Barents and Chukchi seas were ______ degrees C warmer than average.

4

A 1.5 oC change in sea surface temperature will result in a sea level rise of approximatley ______.

4 inches

In total, about _________ people live in the Arctic. 4 billion 4 thousand 4 million 4 hundred

4 million

How does the melting of sea ice contribute to sea level change? Melting of sea ice leads to an increase in albedo and which insulates the ocean. Break up of the floating ice shelves will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise. Sea ice melt increases the water volume in the ocean. Melting sea ice adds cold water to the surface ocean. The volume of cold water is smaller than warm water.

Break up of the floating ice shelves will allow a faster flow of ice on land into the oceans, thereby providing an additional contribution to sea level rise.

When CO2 dissolves in water, it reacts with water to form different carbon species. Which of these species is very reactive and readily dissociates? Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Carbonic acid (H2CO3) Hydrogen (H+) Carbonate (CO32-)

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

How long can a heat wave last?

Days to weeks

Which of the following lines of evidence do not support the claim that extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. Increase in areas affected by drought Increase in hurricane events in the Atlantic Decrease in hurricane activity in the Southern Hemisphere Increase in the number of heavy precipitation events

Decrease in hurricane activity in the Southern Hemisphere

What are the 2 primary ways that most people have experienced climate change? (2)

Droughts and heat waves (extreme weather changes)

The global ocean is not uniformly a source or sink for atmospheric CO2, but rather different regions of the ocean vary in whether they act as a local source or sink. What ocean regions are considered to be sources of CO2 to the atmosphere? Select all that apply: High latitude water formation regions Subtropical downwelling gyres Equatorial regions Coastal upwelling zone

Equatorial regions Coastal upwelling zone

A Congressional act passed in 2009 which authorizes federal research funding of ocean acidification through NOAA, NASA, and NSF goes by which acronym?

FOARAM

The IPCC is the scientific organization that funds and performs most research on climate change. True False

False

Using ice core data, scientists can reconstruct the historical record of the all of the following except: Frequency of earthquakes Volcanic Activity Precipitation Temperature

Frequency of earthquakes

Where does deep water formation take place? (5)

Greenland-Norwegian Sea, the Labrador Sea, the Mediteranean Sea, the Wedell Sea, the Ross Sea.

Which choice(s) below describe the positive feedback loop found in the Arctic? Select all that apply. Melting ice increases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight. Increased clouds and moisture trap heat released from Earth. Melting ice decreases moisture in the atmosphere, causing clouds that cool the atmosphere by blocking more sunlight. Exposed land and ocean absorb more solar radiation.

Increased clouds and moisture trap heat released from Earth. Exposed land and ocean absorb more solar radiation.

What are proxys?

Indicators like dust, pollen and volcanic ash in ice to detect what the climate used to be like

Why do model simulations underestimate the sea level rise observed during the 20th century? The temperature rise used in the models is too high. The physics and dynamics of ice sheet melt are not well understood or quantified. The carbon dioxide emissions range used in the models is too low. The models can only be used to forecast sea level rise.

The physics and dynamics of ice sheet melt are not well understood or quantified.

Albedo feedbacks are strongest when: Two surfaces reflect sunlight at nearly the same rate A region has uniform surfaces The topography of an area varies greatly Two surfaces differ widely in their ability to reflect sunlight

Two surfaces differ widely in their ability to reflect sunlight

A thinning sea ice cover can increase air temperatures because: Warmth from the ocean can more effectively seep through the ice and warm the air above Cold, dense air above the ice rises, forcing less-dense warm air downward The lower elevation of thinner sea ice makes it warmer

Warmth from the ocean can more effectively seep through the ice and warm the air above

In the tropics, high evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean causes surface waters to become ____________ salty and _________ dense. Fill inthe blanks with the best word choice from the list below. a)more; more b)more; less c)less; more d)less; less

a more, more

What causes glacier ice to retreat? a)More ice melts in the summer than accumulates in the winter. b)The glacier touches the ocean. c)The glacier shows signs of movement. d)Precipitation increases due to winter storms. e)The precipitation becomes salty so that ice cannot form.

a)More ice melts in the summer than accumulates in the winter.

Which of the following is nottrue about upwellingwaters?a)Upwelling occurs when deep water decreases in salinity and rises to the surface. b)Upwelling waters can deliver CO2to the surface. c)Upwelling waters can occur as a result of wind moving surface waters. d)Upwelled waterscan contain a greater percentage of CO2than the atmosphere.

a)Upwelling occurs when deep water decreases in salinity and rises to the surface.

A positive feedback ______ a temperature rise

accelerates

Sound travels farther in what pH water? Basic Neutral Acidic

acidic

Fill in the blanks: A pH of 4 is more ___________ than a pH of 5 which is more ___________. basic; alkaline acidic; basic alkaline; acidic basic; acidic

acidic, basic

Which reservoir turns over, or exchanges, CO2 the fastest? Surface Sediments Surface Ocean Deep Ocean Soils and detritus Atmosphere

atmosphere

Whichof the following does notincrease the chance that an organism will be able to adapt to environmental changes?a)environmental changes usually happen slowly b)short generation times c)large population sizes d)symbiotic relationship with another organism e)All ofthe above

b)short generation times

The large range of uncertainty associated with future sea level rise is attributed to: a)the short climate record in arctic ice cores b)uncertainty in future CO2emissions and future global temperatures c)uncertainty in the rate icebergs will melt d)confusion among scientists over which units to use e)scientistsnot understanding thermal expansion of seawater

b)uncertainty in future CO2emissions and future global temperatures

Inuits use sea ice for all of the following except: Protection from storms Hunting ground Travel Boats

boats

Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise ____ of a substance by ____. Fill in the blanks with the best word choice from the list below. a)10 grams; 100 degrees Celsius b)100calories; 10 degrees Fahrenheit c)1 gram; 1 degree Celsius d)1 calorie; 1 degree Fahrenheit e)1 degree Celsius; 1 calorie

c)1 gram; 1 degree Celsius

Which of the following natural factors do not contribute to changes in Earth's climate system? a)Variations in solar output b)Variations in the shape of Earth's orbit around the sun c)Changes in the magnetic field (polar reversals) of the planet d)Eruption of volcanoes that add CO2, ash and other particles to the atmosphere e)Variationsin ocean currents

c)Changes in the magnetic field (polar reversals) of the planet

How does decaying organic matter in the ocean impact pH? a)Increases pH b)Decreases pH c)The impact is negligible

c)The impact is negligible

In general, oceans at __________ latitudes are a sink for atmospheric CO2. Fill in the blank with the best word choice from the list below. a)low b)middle c)high d)equatorial

c)high

The concentration of carbon dioxide in surface water is low, whereas the concentration of oxygen is high because of the a)difference in solubility of the gases b)exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the ocean c)photosynthesis process d)respiration of phytoplankton, zooplankton and marine animals e)conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.

c)photosynthesis process

Why do shellfish have more difficulty building shells at lower ocean pH? a)Lowering pH decreases the concentration of calcium. b)Lowering pH increases the concentration of carbonate. c)Lowering pH increases the concentration of bicarbonate. d)Lowering pH decreases the concentration of carbonate.

d)Lowering pH decreases the concentration of carbonate.

a negative feedback ______ a temperature rise

decelerates

When CO2 is dissolved into the ocean, the concentration of carbonate(CO3-2) ________________ and the concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3-)_________________.

decreases, increases

What is pycnocline?

density increasing with depth

what is halocline

density increasing with salinity

Finish the statement - select all that apply: Due to shifts in precipitation patterns, it is likely that ocean regions traditionally characterized by... evaporation have become more saline evaporation have become less saline heavy precipitation have become less saline heavy precipitation have become more saline

evaporation have become more saline heavy precipitation have become less saline

True or False: Glaciers cover 90% of the world's land area.

false

True or False:Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined in onlythe Northern hemisphere.

false

True or False? If seawater density decreases with depth, the water column is stratified. True False

false

True or False? Reflectivity is higher in dark surfaces, absorption is higher in light surfaces True False

false

True or False? Surface water can hold more gas than deep water because it is under high atmospheric pressure.

false

True or False? The current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the highest it has ever been on our planet. True False

false

True or False? The only people living in the Arctic are indigenous groups. True False

false

True or false? The IPCC is responsible for forecasting future weather patterns and storms.

false

true or false. The extent of ice sheets have onlydeclined in the Northern hemisphere.

false

Which of the following things are NOT dissolved in seawater? Metals Ice Gases Organics Salts

ice

Hurricane activity is predicted to increase as the temperature of the surface ocean ______, because their source of energy is ______ which is evaporated from the ocean surface. Fill in the blanks with the best word choice from the list below. increases; heat increases; water vapor increases; carbon dioxide decreases; carbon dioxide decreases; water vapor

increases; water vapor

Select all that apply. The new normal Arctic is characterized by: loss of mass of ice in the Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic glaciers warming sea surface decreasing permafrost temperatures gains in extent and duration of the winter snow cover long-term losses in the extent and thickness of the sea ice cover

loss of mass of ice in the Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic glaciers warming sea surface long-term losses in the extent and thickness of the sea ice cover

What does MAAD stand for?

move, acclimate, adapt, death

what is the largest reservoir of water on earth? glaciers ocean

ocean

Which of the following does not factor into determining the depth of the euphotic zone? a)Latitude b)Season c)Weather d)Sediment concentration e)Pressure

pressure?

What is the major food source for North Pacific juvenile salmon?

pterpods

The _________ is the region of the water column where density increases rapidly with water depth. Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below. halocline pycnocline thermocline isocline

pycnocline

Which of the following does not contribute to the sinking of surface waters in the North Atlantic? a)Cooling winds b)Evaporation c)Low air temperatures d)Rainfall e)Sea ice formation

rainfall

Sources of salts to the oceans include all of the following except: a)River runoff from land b)Volcanic events on land c)Weathering of rocks d)Volcanic events on the seafloor e)Respiration

respiration

The halocline is a region of what rapidly changing property of seawater? Density Polarity Temperature Salinity

salinity

The thermoclineis a rapid change in __________ with water depth in the ocean. a)temperature b)salinity c)oxygen d)pressure e)density

temp

What causes ocean water density to increase with depth?

temperature, salinity, and pressure distributions

Proxies can be combined to produce temperature reconstructions longer than the instrumental temperature record. True False

true

The Arctic is warming at a rate of almost twice the global average. True False

true

To date, most climate-related sea level rise is attributed to thermal expansion. True False

true

True or False: In increase in sea surface temperature results in a change in seawater mass.

true

True or False:The top few meters of the ocean store as much heat as Earth's entire atmosphere. a)True b)False

true

True or False? As Arctic ice melts, reflectivity decreases and absorption increases. True False

true

The oceans are able to store large amounts of heat because water is a liquid all three state of water occur oceans are salty water has a high specific heat

water has a high specific heat

Based on relative concentrations and time spent in the atmosphere, _______________ is the most important greenhouse gas. a)Water vapor b)Carbon dioxide c)Chlorofluorocarbons d)Nitrous oxide e)Methane; farming

water vapor

What is an example of a neutral pH?

Fresh stream water

What is the residence time of carbon, or the average amount of time one carbon atom resides in a reservoir, in the deep ocean? 100 years 100,000,000 years 1,000 years 100,000 years 10 years

100,000 years

What percentage of animal protein intake by the global population comes from fisheries?

20

On average, how long does it take for a parcel of water to travel around the world as part of the global conveyor belt? Exactly 70-100 years Exactly 10 years About 70-100 days About 700-1000 years

About 700-1000 years

Lower than 7, what is the pH?

Acidic

Which of the following does not contribute to the uncertainty in climate models? Climate extremes Projections of future emissions. Changes in human behavior. Changes in natural climate factors.

All of these contribute to uncertainty in climate models.

Where does upwelling of deep waters occur?

Antarctic Circumpolar Current region

According to the video, how much carbon dioxide mixes into the surface ocean each day? Approximately 22 millions tons Approximately 70 millions tons Approximately 2 millions tons Approximately 30 millions tons

Approximately 22 millions tons

Higher than 7, what is the pH?

Basic

What is natural variability?

The variation caused by natural forces

The IPCC warns that extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent and severe as global temperatures rise. True False

True

The global ocean conveyor belt could slow down if: sea ice formation increased precipitation in the N. Atlantic continues to decrease arge wind events continue global average temperatures continue to cool a large influx of fresh water entered into the Atlantic from glacial melting

a large influx of fresh water entered into the Atlantic from glacial melting

What are the 2 types of natural variability?

external and internal to the climate system

According to the IPCC, it is very likely that MOC will increase by 2100. True False

false