omg why

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.

to trust

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.

inhibition to

Young Marco is almost two years old. Whenever his mother goes away, he says to his babysitter, "Mommy gone, Mommy gone." This is an example of how toddlers can use ___ to define their feelings and what is upsetting them.

language

Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children?

maternal sensitivity

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

neglect and abuse

Self-conscious emotions that involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated, such as shame, guilt, and pride, are sometimes referred to as ______ emotions.

other-conscious

What about fear in infants is true?

It typically appears about 6 months of age and peaks at about 10 months.

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

Kagan believes that children inherit a _____ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?

poor-quality child care

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as ____ emotions.

positive

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative

Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as

reactivity

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

A ___ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ___ smile does.

reflexive and social

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

Rothbart and Bates

Self _____ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.

resistant

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.

risk taking and impulsivity

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and

role

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

behavioral organization communication with others

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?

breath holding lack of preliminary moaning

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?

culture

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

The term _____ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months.

15

At what age do some infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique?

15-18 months

By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror.

2 years old

What theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Bowlby Freud Erikson

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?

social relationships

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to

temperament

Kagan believes that _____ has both physiological and experiential bases.

temperament

What best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

temperament

Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. What does this illustrate?

developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?

effortful control

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward which of the following?

emotional reactivity

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions

are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

emotions

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions

environmental quality

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be UNLIKELY to experience?

guilt

Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.

high quality

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs in the first ______ of life.

year

Infants are often affected by fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around them, and where they are. This demonstrates the influence of ______ on emotion regulation.

Context

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?

Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women improved family task management. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Men became more concerned with intimacy.

Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?

Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.