Organic Chem II Final

zwitterion

a net neutral compound that exhibits charge separation, consists of positive and negative charges

prosthetic group

a nonprotein unit attached to a protein, such as heme in hemoglobin

phosphatidic acid

a phosphoric monoester, which is simplest kind of phosphoglyceride

crossed-linked polymers

a polymer in which neighboring chains are linked together, for example, but disulfide bonds

isotactic

a polymer in which the repeating units contain chiral centers that all have the same configuration

atactic

a polymer in which the repeating units contain chiral centers that are no arranged in a pattern (they have random configurations)

syndiotactic

a polymer in which the repeating units contain chiral centers that have alternating configuration

homopolymer

a polymer made up of a single type of monomers

branched polymers

a polymer that contains a large number of branches connected to the main chain of the polymer

graft copolymer

a polymer that contains sections of one homopolymers that have been grafted onto a chain of the other homopolymers.

linear

a polymer that has only a minimal amount of branching or no branching at all

copolymer

a polymer that is constructed from more than one repeating unit

chain-growth polymers

a polymer that is formed under conditions in which the monomers do not react directly with each other, but rather, each monomer is added to the growing chain, one at a time.

condensation polymers

a polymer that is formed via a condensation reaction

denaturation

a process during which a protein unfolds under conditions of mild heating

amorphous

a region of a polymer in which nearby chains are not linearly extended and are not parallel to one another

crystallites

a region of a polymer in which the chains are linearly extended and close in proximity to one another, resulting in van der Waals forces that hold the chains close together

isoprene

a structural unit, comprised of five-carbon atoms, commonly found in terpenes.

amidomalonate synthesis

a synthetic method that employs diethyl acetamidomalonate as the starting material and enables the preparation of racemic alpha amino acids

Strecker synthesis

a synthetic technique for preparing racemic alpha amino acids from aldehydes

electrophoresis

a technique for separating amino acids from each other based on a difference in pI values

triglycerides

a triester formed from glycerol another long-chain carboxylic acids

peptidases

a variety of enzymes that selectively hydrolyze specific peptide bonds

amphoteric

amino acids are called this when they can function either as acids or as bases

peptide bonds

amino acids are coupled together by amide linkages called

proteins

are large compounds formed from amino acids linked together

oligomers

during the polymerization process, compounds constructed from just a few monomers

phospholipids

esterlike derivaties of phosphoric acid

structural proteins

fibrous proteins that are used for structural rigidity

C terminus

for a peptide chain, the end that contains the COOH group

N terminus

for a peptide chain, the end that contains the amino group

beta pleated sheet

for proteins, a feature of secondary structure that forms when two or more protein chains line up side by side

primary structure

for proteins, the sequence of amino acid residues

waxes

high-molecular-weight esters that are constructed from carboxylic acids and alcohols

thermosetting resins

highly cross-linked polymers that are generally very hard and insoluble

adrenocortical hormones

hormones that are secreted by the cortex (the outer layer) of the adrenal glands, characterized by a carbonyl group or hydroxyl group at C11 of the steroid skeleton

enzymes

important biological molecules that catalyze virtually all cellular processes

melt transition temperature

the temperature at which the noncrystalline regions of polymer become amorphous

secondary structure

the three-dimensional conformations localized regions of a protein, including helices and beta-pleated sheets

tertiary structure

the three-dimensional shape of a protein

oils

triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature

fats

triglycerides that are solids at room temperature

estrogens

(1) female sex hormones

progestins

(2) female sex hormones

eicosanoids

a class of lipids that includes leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxjnes, and prostacyclins

amino acid

a compound containing a carboxylic acid group (COOH) as well as an amino group NH2

block copolymer

a copolymer in which the different homopolymers subunits are connected together in one chain

alternating copolymers

a copolymer that contains an alternating distribution of repeating units

terpenes

a diverse class of naturally occurring compounds that can be thought of as being assembled from isoprene units, each of which contains five carbon atoms

simple lipids

a lipid that does not readily undergo hydrolysis in aqueous acid or base to produce smaller fragments

complex lipids

a lipid that readily undergoes hydrolysis in aqueous acid or base to produce smaller fragments

Edman degradation

a method for analyzing the sequence of amino acids in a peptide by removing one amino acid residue at a time and identifying each residue as it is removed

Merrifield synthesis

a method for building a peptide from protected building blocks

lipids

a naturally occuring compound that can be extracted from cells using non polar organic solvents

DDC

commonly used to form peptide bonds

phosphoglycerides

compounds that are very similar in structure to triglycerides, with the main difference being that one of the three fatty acid residues is replaced by a phosphoester group.

steroids

lipids that are based on a tetracyclic ring system involving three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring.

prostaglandins

lipids that contain 20 carbon atoms and are characterized by a five-membered ring with two side chains

fatty acids

long-chain carboxylic acids

androgens

male sex hormones

lecithins

phosphoglycerides that contain choline

cephalins

phosphoglycerides that contain ethanolamine

polyurethanes

polymers made up of repeating urethane groups, also sometimes called carbamate groups (-N-CO2-)

step-growth polymers

polymers that are formed under conditions in which the individual monomers react with each other to form oligomers, which are then joined together to form polymers.

addition polymers

polymers that are formed via cationic addition, anionic addition, or free-radical addition

thermoplastics

polymers that are hard at room temperature but soft when heated

polycarbonates

polymers that are similar in structure to polyesters but with repeating carbonate group (-O-CO2-) instead of repeating ester groups (-CO2-)

biodegradable polymers

polymers that can be broken down by enzymes produced by soil microorganisms

elastomers

polymers that return to their original shape after being stretched

glass transition temperature

the temperature at which noncrystalline polymers become very soft

amino groups

protected by conversion to carbamates

carboxylic acid groups

protected by conversion to esters

transport proteins

protein used to transport molecules or ions from one location to another, ex: hemoglobin

globular proteins

proteins that consist of chains that are coiled into compact shapes

fibrous proteins

proteins that consists of linear chains that are bundled together

peptides

relatively short chains of amino acids

plasticizers

small molecules that are trapped between polymer chains where they function as lubricants, preventing the polymer from being brittle

fibers

strands of a polymer that are generated when the polymer is heated, forced through small holes, and then cooled

disulfide bridges

the group that is formed when two cysteine residues of a polypeptide or protein are joined together

amino acid residues

the individual repeating units in a polypeptide chain or protein

lipid bilayer

the main fabric of cell membranes, assembled primarily from phosphoglyerides

isoelectric point (pI)

the specific pH at which the concentration of the zwitterionic form reaches its maximum value

quaternary structure

the structure that arises when a protein consists of two or more folded polypeptide chains that aggregate

protecting groups

used to control regioselectivity