Organic Chemistry Unit Grade 12 Chemistry
Cylic hydrocarbons
prefix "cyclo" hydrocarbons that form rings alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Polymerization
process of linking monomers together to form a polymer
Superimposable
same molecule, they can be rotated in a way to make them identical
Alkanes
suffix "ane" single bonded hydrocarbons saturated non-polar london forces
Aromatic hydrocarbons
suffix "benzene" if it is the root prefix "phenyl" if it is a branch benzene rings
Alkenes
suffix "ene" at least one double bond unsaturated non-polar london forces
Alkynes
suffix "yne" at least one triple bond unsaturated non-polar london forces
Special branch names
Isobutyl (CH2 bonded to CH with two CH3 bonded to it) Isopropyl (CH with two CH3 bonded to it) Ortho (CH3 bonded to the 1st and 2nd carbons on a benzene ring) Meta (CH3 bonded to the 1st and 3rd carbons on a benzene ring) Para (CH3 bonded to the 1st and 4th carbons on a benzene ring)
Amines
NH2 group anywhere prefix "amino" polar london, dipole dipole, sometimes hydrogen reaction - special reaction
Ethers
O in the middle of the chain add "oxy" to the prefix of the smaller hydrocarbon polar london, dipole dipole reaction - condensation
Alcohols
OH anywhere in the chain suffix "ol" polar, long chains can be non-polar london, dipole dipole, hydrogen reactions - hydration, dehydration, combustion
Cross-linking
the bridge between two or more polymer chains
Markovnikov's rule
the carbon with more hydrogens always gets the hydrogen in an addition reaction, the rich get richer, and the other carbon gets whatever is left over
Monomer
a molecule that is linked with other similar molecules to form a polymer
Polymer
a molecule that is made up of repeating sub-units called monomers, a functional group needs to be present on every monomer in order for the reaction to occur
Addition polymers
adding monomers together to form a long chain, teflon or styrofoam
Substitution reaction
alkanes, benzene, cycloalkanes swap out a hydrogen with what is given
Forming alkanes
alkene + H2
Forming alcohols
alkene + H2O form alkyl halide + H2O
Forming alkyl halides
alkene + hydrohalogenation
Addition reaction
alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkenes, cycloalkynes limiting and excess - amount of molecules available to readily react with determine how many bonds are broken hydrogenation - H2 is added halogenation - halogen is added hydrohalogenation - H bonded to a halogen is added hydration - H2O is added
Constitutional isomers
atoms connected in different ways positional isomers - functional group on different carbon functional group isomers - functional group changes, but amount of atoms remains the same
Stereoisomers
cis-trans isomers - double or triple bond is there it cannot be rotated cis - two CH3 on same side trans - two CH3 on opposite sides
Combustion reaction
complete - forms H2O + CO2 incomplete - forms H2O + CO2 + CO + C
Isomers
different molecules with the same number of atoms of each element
Esters
double bonded O and a single bonded O anywhere but the end branch name is the alcohol, main chain is the acid side suffix "oate" small esters = gases, larger esters = waxy solids polar reaction - condensation
Amides
double bonded O and single bonded N anywhere branch name is amine, main chain acid suffix "amide" small amides are polar london, dipole dipole, sometimes hydrogen reaction - condensation
Carboxylic acids
double bonded O and single bonded OH at the end suffix "oic" followed by acid polar, long chains can be non-polar london, dipole dipole, hydrogen reaction - oxidation
Ketones
double bonded O anywhere but the end suffix "one" very polar london, dipole dipole reaction - oxidation
Aldehydes -
double bonded O at the end suffix "al" very polar london, dipole dipole reaction - oxidation
Forming aldehydes
form alcohol + (O)
Forming ketones
form alcohol + (O)
Forming ethers
form alcohol - H2O (dehydration)
Forming carboxylic acids
form aldehyde + (O)
Forming amines
form alkyl halide + NH3
Forming esters
form carboxylic acid + alcohol
Forming amides
form carboxylic acid + amine
Organic Halides
halogens as branches F - fluro, Cl - chloro, Br - bromo, I - iodo polar london forces, dipole dipole
Condensation polymers
water is either added or taken off of the monomers