Organic Chemistry Unit Grade 12 Chemistry

Cylic hydrocarbons

prefix "cyclo" hydrocarbons that form rings alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

Polymerization

process of linking monomers together to form a polymer

Superimposable

same molecule, they can be rotated in a way to make them identical

Alkanes

suffix "ane" single bonded hydrocarbons saturated non-polar london forces

Aromatic hydrocarbons

suffix "benzene" if it is the root prefix "phenyl" if it is a branch benzene rings

Alkenes

suffix "ene" at least one double bond unsaturated non-polar london forces

Alkynes

suffix "yne" at least one triple bond unsaturated non-polar london forces

Special branch names

Isobutyl (CH2 bonded to CH with two CH3 bonded to it) Isopropyl (CH with two CH3 bonded to it) Ortho (CH3 bonded to the 1st and 2nd carbons on a benzene ring) Meta (CH3 bonded to the 1st and 3rd carbons on a benzene ring) Para (CH3 bonded to the 1st and 4th carbons on a benzene ring)

Amines

NH2 group anywhere prefix "amino" polar london, dipole dipole, sometimes hydrogen reaction - special reaction

Ethers

O in the middle of the chain add "oxy" to the prefix of the smaller hydrocarbon polar london, dipole dipole reaction - condensation

Alcohols

OH anywhere in the chain suffix "ol" polar, long chains can be non-polar london, dipole dipole, hydrogen reactions - hydration, dehydration, combustion

Cross-linking

the bridge between two or more polymer chains

Markovnikov's rule

the carbon with more hydrogens always gets the hydrogen in an addition reaction, the rich get richer, and the other carbon gets whatever is left over

Monomer

a molecule that is linked with other similar molecules to form a polymer

Polymer

a molecule that is made up of repeating sub-units called monomers, a functional group needs to be present on every monomer in order for the reaction to occur

Addition polymers

adding monomers together to form a long chain, teflon or styrofoam

Substitution reaction

alkanes, benzene, cycloalkanes swap out a hydrogen with what is given

Forming alkanes

alkene + H2

Forming alcohols

alkene + H2O form alkyl halide + H2O

Forming alkyl halides

alkene + hydrohalogenation

Addition reaction

alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkenes, cycloalkynes limiting and excess - amount of molecules available to readily react with determine how many bonds are broken hydrogenation - H2 is added halogenation - halogen is added hydrohalogenation - H bonded to a halogen is added hydration - H2O is added

Constitutional isomers

atoms connected in different ways positional isomers - functional group on different carbon functional group isomers - functional group changes, but amount of atoms remains the same

Stereoisomers

cis-trans isomers - double or triple bond is there it cannot be rotated cis - two CH3 on same side trans - two CH3 on opposite sides

Combustion reaction

complete - forms H2O + CO2 incomplete - forms H2O + CO2 + CO + C

Isomers

different molecules with the same number of atoms of each element

Esters

double bonded O and a single bonded O anywhere but the end branch name is the alcohol, main chain is the acid side suffix "oate" small esters = gases, larger esters = waxy solids polar reaction - condensation

Amides

double bonded O and single bonded N anywhere branch name is amine, main chain acid suffix "amide" small amides are polar london, dipole dipole, sometimes hydrogen reaction - condensation

Carboxylic acids

double bonded O and single bonded OH at the end suffix "oic" followed by acid polar, long chains can be non-polar london, dipole dipole, hydrogen reaction - oxidation

Ketones

double bonded O anywhere but the end suffix "one" very polar london, dipole dipole reaction - oxidation

Aldehydes -

double bonded O at the end suffix "al" very polar london, dipole dipole reaction - oxidation

Forming aldehydes

form alcohol + (O)

Forming ketones

form alcohol + (O)

Forming ethers

form alcohol - H2O (dehydration)

Forming carboxylic acids

form aldehyde + (O)

Forming amines

form alkyl halide + NH3

Forming esters

form carboxylic acid + alcohol

Forming amides

form carboxylic acid + amine

Organic Halides

halogens as branches F - fluro, Cl - chloro, Br - bromo, I - iodo polar london forces, dipole dipole

Condensation polymers

water is either added or taken off of the monomers