Organic Evolution Final
Animals from which phylum display symmetry? Sponges Ctenophores Both
Ctenophores
An allele for a membrane-bound receptor in rabbits better resists viral infection, so those that carry one copy of this allele leave behind 40% more offspring than those without it. If the allele currently has a frequency of 0.1, how many generations will it take before its frequency reaches 0.9? 5 8 10 20 40
10
Heterozygotes for sickle-cell anemia enjoy protection against the malaria parasite. Imagine that the frequency of the sickle cell allele is 0.2 in a population where malaria is common and medicine is lacking. New genetically modified mosquitos are released into the area, extirpating malaria from the area. Assuming that this is a permanent outcome, what is the most likely frequency of the sickle cell allele 100 years into future? 0.1 0.2 1.0
0.1
The frequency of the sickle cell allele is 0.2 in a population where malaria is common. New genetically modified mosquitos are released into the area, extirpating malaria from the area. Assuming that this is a permanent outcome, what is the most likely frequency of the sickle cell allele in this population after 100 years? 0.1 0.2 1.0
0.1
What is the coefficient of relatedness between a grandfather and his grandson? 1 0.75 0.5 0.25
0.25
Within a large population of earthworms, a single mutant is born with a 2 cm larger body size than the rest of the population. Under the theory of blending inheritance, how big should we expect this mutant worm's grandchildren to be? 4 cm larger than average 2 cm larger than average 1 cm larger than average 0.5 cm larger than average
0.5 cm larger than average
An allele for wax production can help a frog species avoid desiccation in dry times. The frogs will one wax-producing allele leave behind 5% more offspring than those without it. If the current frequency of the allele is 0.6, what will be the frequency in the next generation? 0.120 0.820 0.612 0.588 0.724
0.612
How many base pair differences are there in the coding region of the Mc1r gene between the beach and mainland mice in Hoekstra's study? 0 1 2 3 4
1
According to the tree below, what species is the most closely related to #3? simple generic tree.png 1 2 4 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 4
1 + 2
The benefit of an altruist's behavior is 4, and altruists make up 50% of the population. Assuming interactions are random, what should be the approximate average benefit to a selfish individual in the population? 1 2 4 8
2
Below is the triplet sequence of a coding gene. Rank the possible mutations below from most to least likely to cause a change in function. ACT-GGA-CAC-TAG-GGG 1. substitution of the cytosine located in the 7th position 2. deletion of the G located in the 4th position 3. substitution of the G located in the 15th position 1, 2, 3 3, 2, 1 1, 3, 2 2, 1, 3 2, 3, 1
2, 1, 3
The Lenski group found that a minimum of _____ mutations were involved in the evolution of the Cit+ trait. 2 3 10 Hundreds
3
An annual weed produces 50 seeds in the summer and then dies in the fall. If every seed were to produce a mature weed, how many years would it take before a 1,000,000 plants were produced from a single individual in year 0? 4 years 16 years 40 years 200 years 20,000 years
4 years
A hypothetical population as two alleles for a gene: B and b. In a random sample of 100 individuals, 20 are homozygous for a, 20 are homozygous for A, and 60 are heterozygous. What is the frequency of A? 20% 25% 50% 60% 80%
50%
Which estimate is most likely to be an accurate measure of the percentage of the human genome that is made up of selfish DNA? 1% 25% 50% 80% 99%
50%
Average beak depth of Geospiza fortis finches on Daphne Major in a given year is 9.0 mm. During a prolonged La Niña event, the island of Daphne Major is subject to large rains for two straight years. What is the most likely average beak depth for G. fortis at the end of this rainy duration? 5.0 mm 8.5 mm 9.0 mm 9.5 mm 12 mm
8.5 mm
A completely neutral allele has a frequency of 0.15 in a population. What is the chance that it will eventually go extinct? 100% 15% 50% 85% 0%
85%
Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait in human. Assume that there are 100 albinos (aa) in a population of 1 million. How many individual would be expected to be homozygous dominant (AA) under equilibrium conditions? 100 10,000 980,100 999,900
980,100
An altruistic act has a cost of 1 to the actor and benefit of 2 to the recipient. If the frequency of the altruist is 0.5 in a population in this generation and all interactions are random, what should the frequency of altruists be in the next generation? >0.5 <0.5 0.5
<0.5
There is an asexual population of bacteria in which some engage in altruism via secretion of a substance that helps other bacteria in the area float near the surface of a pond. The frequency of the altruists in this population is 0.5. If the baseline fitness of the population is 25, the atruistic act costs the actor 2 and benefits the recipients 3. What should be the frequency of the altruists in the next generation? >0.5 <0.5 0.5
<0.5
What is one reason that gene duplication is thought to represent important raw material for the evolution of novelty? A mutation in a duplicated gene will result in twice as much mutated protein. Gene duplication sometimes does not duplicate the gene regulatory elements, leading to changes in expression. Duplicated genes are so similar that they sometimes crossover with each other. A mutation in a duplicated gene is less likely to destroy the function of the gene, since there are two copies of the gene.
A mutation in a duplicated gene is less likely to destroy the function of the gene, since there are two copies of the gene.
Researchers have discovered which of the following transitional fossils? A mammal with an exoskeleton. A fish with hair. A reptile with claws, teeth, and wings. An insect with internal bones.
A reptile with claws, teeth, and wings.
The yellow, obese agouti trait in mice is expressed when... A transposon is inserted near the agouti gene, and it is unmethylated. There is no transposon inserted near the agouti gene. When a transposon is inserted near the agouti gene, and it is highly methylated. When agouti says so.
A transposon is inserted near the agouti gene, and it is unmethylated.
What is NOT a statement with which Buffon would agree? All living things are related. Populations can change over time. Environments can causes changes in species.
All living things are related
Which is likely a true cost of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction? The cost of producing males that cannot create offspring. The cost of finding mates. The cost of copulation. All of the above
All of the above
What is true of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Each allele will be present at 50% frequency. Allele frequencies can vary from generation to generation, but the average frequency must remain constant. Allele frequencies must remain the same from generation to generation. The rate of change of allele frequencies must be greater than 1% from generation to genertion. Genotype frequencies are expected to change more than allele frequencies.
Allele frequencies must remain the same from generation to generation.
Two closely related populations of squirrels live in the Grand Canyon area. One lives on the north rim, and the other lives on the south rim. Speciation in these squirrels best fits which model? Speciation from sexual selection Ecological speciation Sympatric speciation Allopatric speciation
Allopathic speciation
When one organism makes a sacrifice to benefit another, it is called Altruism Spite Mutual benefit Inclusive fitness Group selection
Altruism
What is a preadaptation (aka exaptation)? An adaptation in an organism that is produced in order to solve a future problem. A random change in an organism that happens to solve a current problem by chance. An adaptation that was previously useful to an organism for one problem that by chance happened to help with an unrelated problem later on.
An adaptation that was previously useful to an organism for one problem that by chance happened to help with an unrelated problem later on.
In which of the following examples would speciation most likely occur? The salinity of a bay decreases by 2 ppt after a causeway is constructed. The western half of a forest is logged. The snow caps on a mountain recede due to local warming. An ocean is separated into two seas by the formation of a land bridge between two continents.
An ocean is separated into two seas by the formation of a land bridge between two continents.
Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of 0.25? A brother to his brother A sister to her brother An uncle to his nephew A father to his daughter
An uncle to his nephew
According to this tree, is the sea bass more closely related to the lamprey or the antelope? vertebrate cartoon tree.png Lamprey Antelope It is related to both of them equally
Antelope
Gene duplication is implicated in the evolution of which phenotype? HIV immunity in humans of European descent Coat coloration in Floridian beach mice Antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fish Malaria resistance in humans of African descent
Antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fish
Stephen Jay Gould pushed the 'full house' argument, which suggested that the idea that life is progressing to be more complex on Earth is misleading largely because... most populations evolve to become more simple. bacteria are still the most dominant organisms on Earth. complex organisms are more likely to go extinct. coevolution drives populations in random evolutionary directions.
Bacteria are still the most dominant organisms on earth.
What is one reason bacteria are more likely to adapt via horizontal gene transfer than animals? Bacteria are asexual clones. Bacteria live in closer proximity to one another. Bacteria have cell walls. Bacteria do not set aside their germ line early in development.
Bacteria do not set aside their germ line early in development.
Why do many biologists, such as Ford Doolittle, argue that the 'tree of life' metaphor is no longer appropriate for representing the relationships of the different domains of life? Because of widespread horizontal gene transfer among domains Because mutations rates are two fast to understand relationships from the deep past. Because much of the phenotypic variation among organisms is caused by epigenetic variation. Because many species are not reproductively isolated from those in other domains
Because of the widespread horizontal gene transfer among domains
Which of the following factors could cause a surge in population size? a decrease in available food an increase in the number of predators decreased camouflage evolves in the population better eyesight evolves in the population
Better eyesight evolves in the population
What happened to the citT gene in the Cit+ mutants? It was duplicated. It became associated with the regulatory region of a different gene. Both
Both
Which of the following conditions accurately represent Muller's ratchet, in terms of the selective advantage of sexual reproduction? Deleterious mutations accumulate in asexual populations, resulting in a significant genetic load. Sexual reproduction is selected because it reintroduces no-mutation genotypes that have been lost from the population. Both
Both
Biochemist Michael Behe argues that the flagellum could not have evolved through a natural evolutionary process because every single of the ~30 flagellar proteins are required for it to function. How would an evolutionary biologist most likely respond to this argument? By explaining that 30 functional proteins can readily evolve simultaneously, so the argument doesn't relate to flagellar evolution. By explaining that there is a fully functional cellular structure that uses only some of those proteins. By explaining that the flagella probably still works with some missing proteins, but we just can't prove it today. By explaining that natural selection will favor traits that will become useful later, even if they are not currently so.
By explaining that there is a fully functional cellular structure that uses only some of those proteins.
The frequency (p) and effective population size Ne of three neutral alleles is given below. Which is expected to show the most variance in frequency between generations? Allele p Ne A 0.2 100 B 0.1 2,000 C 0.5 50 A B C
C
The activity of transposons... results in beneficial changes. can be either beneficial or deleterious. results in negative changes.
Can be either beneficial or deleterious.
What process most directly enables individual genes to be subject to natural selection independent of other genes? Independent assortment Crossing over The red queen effect Mutation
Crossing over
What evidence suggests that ctenophores should be placed as the outgroup of the animals? They have three tissue layers. Sponges lack a nervous system. Ctenophores lack miRNAs. Sponges lack symmetry.
Ctenophores lack miRNAs.
Which of the bottom trees does not agree with the relationships depicted in the top tree? Flipped tree.png A B C D
D
Which naturalist would most agree with evolutionary relationships being represented by a tree with a single trunk? Darwin Cuvier Buffon Lyell
Darwin
In human population 1, the sickle cell allele frequency is 0.2, and in population 2, it is 0.0. Which human population should be considered the most well adapted or "perfect"? Population 1 Population 2 Depends on the environment.
Depends on the environment.
Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ________. determine how variable is hair length in the population. test whether other traits in the males are adaptvie determine if hair length is heritable
Determine if hair length is heritable
Which is most likely true if we accept the ctenophores as the animal outgroup? The nervous system was gained only once and never lost. Early animal possessed true tissues. Multicellularity evolved twice within animals. Choanocytes and choanoflagellates are homologous cell types.
Early animal possessed true tissues.
Early developmental stages provide unique evidence of common ancestry because... species transition through the adult forms of most of their ancestors during development. small organisms are easier to study under the microscope. early embryos have more genetic similarity to their relatives than adult stages demonstrate. early life stages of related species often resemble each other anatomically more than adult stages.
Early life stages of related species often resemble each other anatomically more than adult stages.
At which life stage should we expect two somewhat related species of animals to appear the most phenotypically similar? Embryonic stage Adult stage
Embryonic stage
Karl Earnst von Baer's insight was that embryos of related species are more similar than adult forms. atavisms show common ancestry. species pass through the forms of all of their ancestors during development. larval forms are likely to show more diversity than adult forms.
Embryos of related species are more similar than adults forms.
Given the Hox gene expression patterns found in Parhyale below, what alteration would most likely change the reverse walking legs at T6-T8 into swimmerets (aka pleopods)? Parhyale Hox Expression.jpg Knockout of Abd-B Knockout of abd-A Knockout of Ubx Expression of Abd-B in T6-T9 Expression of Antp in T6-T9
Expression of Abd-B in T6-T9
What is a factor that sets the upper bound for population size? predator density food availability drought frequency parasite number reproductive rate
Food availability
What mechanism of population level change requires sexual reproduction to operate? Gene flow Mutation Natural selection Genetic drift
Gene flow
According to Mayr and Dobzhansky, the first step of speciation is almost always disruptive natural selection. temporal isolation. geographic isolation. mutation.
Geographic isolation.
In a species of fish, females prefer the scent of males who have different major histo-compatiliby (MHC) genes from her own. It is shown that offspring with variable MHC complexes have the most robust immune systems. What hypothesis for mate choice does this support? Good genes Aesthetic choice Sensory exploitation
Good genes
Imagine two populations of grasses, where the LINEs and SINEs in the cells of one population reproduce at an extremely high rate. In the second population, a mutation has occurred in a separate gene causing it to interfere with the replication of LINEs and SINEs. If all else is equal, what should we most likely expect to occur with our two populations of grass? Grass population 1 should be more successful in its environment. Grass population 2 should be more successful in its environment. The two populations should be equally successful in their environment.
Grass population 2 should be more successful in its environment.
If a behavior results in the death of the actor in 40% of occasions, Hamilton's rule would predict that it would evolve to occur when that behavior saves the lives of which relative? I. One offspring II. One sibling III. One cousin I only II only III only I and II only All of the ablve
I and II only
There is a allele in Drosophila melanogaster called segregation distorter (SD), which when present in some gametes acts to kill gametes that don't possess the SD allele. How does the action of this allele most likely to increase the fitness of the individual flies? The sperm that possess the SD allele are the healthiest and fastest swimming. The competing allele that SD eliminates leads to lower individual fitness. It doesn't.
It doesn't.
According to August Weismann, what should be the ultimate result of a mutation in the brain of an juvenile squirrel? It should be passed on to the offspring of the squirrel. It should not be passed on to the offspring of the squirrel. It should only be passed on if the squirrel is female.
It should not be passed on to the offspring of the squirrel.
Darwin's theory of pangenesis solves the problem of genetic swamping because it was a theory of particulate inheritance. it accounted for inheritance of acquired characters. it could explain phenotypic ratios resulting from crosses. it was not limited by the Weismann barrier.
It was a theory of particulate inheritance
Darwin's theory of pangenesis solves the problem of genetic swamping because it was a theory of particulate inheritance. it accounted for inheritance of acquired characters. it could explain phenotypic ratios resulting from crosses. it was not limited by the Weismann barrier.
It was a theory of particulate inheritance.
What would Lamarck most likely predict to be the evolutionary future of a species of snail? It will go extinct. It will evolve into a vertebrate. It will degenerate into a single celled creature. It will mutate into a new species in a single step.
It will evolve into a vertebrate
An edible species of kelp develops defense toxins in its leaves over many years after the introduction of a sea urchin population which eats the kelp. Which is the best explanation of this change? Kelp with the lowest amount of toxins were more readily eaten, leaving those with more toxins to have more offspring. Predation by the urchins caused mutations in the kelp, which resulted in greater production of toxins. The genes for toxin production were transferred to the kelp from the urchins by horizontal gene transfer.
Kelp with the lowest amount of toxins were more readily eaten, leaving those with more toxins to have more offspring.
Imagine a newly discovered species of amphipod that displays anchors (aka uropods) in segment A3. What genetic difference would you most likely expect to find in that animal compared to Parhyale below. Parhyale Hox Expression.jpg Lack of Abd-B expression in segment A3 Ubx expression in A3 Lack of abd-A expression in A3 Lack of abd-A and Abd-B expression in A3
Lack of abd-A expression in A3
Imagine a newly discovered species of amphipod that displays anchors (aka uropods) in segment A3. What genetic difference would you most likely expect to find in that animal compared to Parhyale below. Parhyale Hox Expression.jpg Lack of Abd-B expression in segment A3 Ubx expression in segment A3 Lack of abd-A expression in segment A3 Lack of abd-A and Abd-B expression in segment A3
Lack of abd-A expression in segment A3
A frameshift mutation within the coding region of the Pitx1 gene would be most likely to cause what outcome? Pitx1 regulation.png Lack of development of pelvic spine Lack of development of lips Lack of development of eye Lack of development of all of these regions
Lack of development of all of these regions
A small number of birds from a large flock is blown off course during a long migration by a storm. These birds are blown to a small remote island. They thrive there, and their population reaches the carrying capacity of the island. The genetic variation of the island population should be _______ the original population from where they came. greater than less than the same as
Less than
Consider two old-growth forests: One is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why? logged, because the various populations are stimulated to a higher reproductive potential old growth, because stable conditions favor exponential growth of species logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow old growth, because the trees are larger and can produce more seedsg
Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow
In fiddler crabs, females prefer males with the largest claws, which has resulted the evolution of claws that can reach 50% of the total body mass of the males. What should most likely be true of the life spans of the males? fiddler crab claws.png Males with the smallest claws have a lower average life expectancy than those with the largest claws. Males with the smallest claws have a higher average life expectancy than those with the largest claws. Life expectancy of males should be uncorrelated with claw size.
Males with the smallest claws have a higher average life expectancy than those with the largest claws.
A mutant Antarctic fur seal is born with a cream coat color. Crossing experiments show that this is a recessive trait governed by a single gene. Which is the gene most likely responsible? Hemoglobin CCR5 Mc1r Pepsinogen
Mc1r
Genetic variation... must be present in a population before natural selection can act. is created by natural selection. tends to be reduced by sexual reproduction. arises in response to changes in the environment.
Must be present in population before natural selection can act.
What mutation is likely to have the largest phenotypic effect in an organism? Mutation in an enhancer of a gene Mutation in a coding region of a gene Mutation in a non-regulatory intron of a gene
Mutation in the coding region of a gene
All of the following can cause large evolutionary changes in a single step EXCEPT... Natural selection on a population of plants with different color flowers. Mutations in Hox genes Horizontal gene transfer between unrelated organisms Transposon activity
Natural selection on a population of plants with different color flowers.
All of the following can cause rapid large evolutionary changes EXCEPT... Natural selection on a population of plants with different color flowers. Mutations in Hox genes Horizontal gene transfer between unrelated organisms Transposon activity
Natural selection on a population of plants with different odor flowers.
A population of North American white-tailed deer can run about 30 mph on average. After the reintroduction of wolves, it is found that the average speed of this population has increased to 32 mph. Does this suggest that this evolutionary change was a result of group selection? Yes No
No
An individual in a social mongoose population discovers a new way to successfully obtain food, which it only performs within hollow logs were no other individuals can witness it. Is this likely to be a force in the evolution of this population? Yes No
No
Imagine a bird population where mother birds will feed the young in other mothers' nests when they cry for food. The cost to the actor is loss of grandchild on average, and the benefit to the recipient nests' mother is a gain of 0.5 grandchildren on average. Is this a stable altruistic strategy? Yes No
No
Hox genes are found in all the following animal species EXCEPT... flies. humans. sea anenomes. None. They are found in all the listed animals.
None. They are found in all the listed animals.
Which is NOT strong evidence that two species are closely related? Observing that both species eat burrowing insects underground. Discovery of high DNA sequence similarity between the species. Seeing that two species share a similar early developmental stage. Existence of fossils that possess many traits of both species.
Observing that both species eat burrowing insects underground.
Termites are able to digest wood because... of a mutation in one of their carbohydrate digestive genes. of a symbiosis with microbes in their gut. because of a digestive gene obtained from fungus via horizontal gene transfer. of the effects of methylation on some of their digestive genes.
Of a symbiosis with microbes in their gut.
According to the Fisherian runaway hypothesis, at what point does the male's sexual ornament stop evolving to be more extreme? Once the sexual advantage of the ornament matches its selective disadvantage. Once the male's ornament matches the female's innate preference. Once the female preference moves toward the augmentation of a different ornament. Never
Once the sexual advantage of the ornament matches its selective disadvantage.
When WD Hamilton modeled the success of sexual vs asexual organisms using a computer simulation, asexual individuals always dominated, EXCEPT when... The simulation included changing abiotic environments. The sexual and asexual individuals were allowed to compete directly with one another. Parasites were added to the simulation. The simulation when was allowed to go on for an extended duration.
Parasites were added to the simulation.
An altruistic act costs the actor 2 offspring on average and benefits the recipient 3 offspring on average. The baseline fitness (i.e. without any altruism) of all individuals is 20. Given frequencies of altruists listed in two populations below and assuming interactions are random, which population should have more offspring in the next generation? Population 1: 0.4 altruists Population 2: 0.1 altruists Population 1 Population 2 They should have the same number of offspring.
Population 1
There are two remote nearly identical desert islands within each a new populations of avocado tree is started. The females in each population produce 50 avocados per generation. Population 1 on island 1 produces 25 males and 25 females on average. Population 2 on island 2 produces 10 males and 40 females on average. Assuming these sex ratios are 100% heritable and all else is equal, which population should come to cover the island the fastest? Population 1 Population 2 They should come to cover the island at the same rate
Population 2
Match the concept with the best choice for the person who first endorsed it. Populations change over time. Species go extinct and reappear. Organisms' structures are adapted to their environments. The generation can only be produced by individuals who are able to reproduce. Darwin Lamarck Cuvier Buffon
Populations change-Buffon Species go extinct-Cuvier Organisms structure-Lamarck Generation can only be produced-Darwin
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of epigenetic marking? DNA methylation Regulatory sequence mutations Non-coding RNA regulation Histone modification
Regulatory sequence mutations
The first universal phylogenetic tree (shown below) was constructed by Carl Woese and colleagues in 1990. What traits was it based on? Woese 1990 tree.png Morphologies SSU rRNA sequences Whole genome sequences Mitochondrial DNA All of the above
SSU rRNA sequences
Charles Lyell most likely helped Darwin to appreciate what aspect of evolutionary thought? Mass extinctions are relatively common events. Adaptation occurs via inheritance of acquired characters. Species can change when confronted with a new environment. Small changes can build up over vast durations of time.
Small changes can build up over vast durations of time.
What was a central part of Darwin's solution to the '5% of a wing problem'? 5% of a wing was better than a large wing because large wings can make birds obvious to predators. Small wings that aren't very useful for flying might have been useful for some other purpose. Wings didn't evolve little by little but instead arose via a single step macromutation. 5% of a wing does carry a very big cost, so animals probably just kept growing them even if they weren't useful for flying.
Small wings that aren't very useful for flying might have been useful for some other purpose.
What would a naturalist of the 1600s most likely believe is the origin of species? Special creation Spontaneous generation Common ancestry Transport from another planet
Special creation
Create the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree of the fictional animals below, given that species 5 is the ancestor, and the rest of the species represent living taxa. Which of the following is true of that tree? Fictional sperm animals.png Species 1 and 3 evolved hair independently. Species 2 is the most closely related to species 5. Species 2 is more closely related to species 4 than it is to species 3. Species 4 is more closely related to species 3 than it is to species 2.
Species 4 is more closely related to species 3 than it is to species 2.
A disadvantage of the morphological species concept is it cannot be applied to extinct species. species definitions applied by different researchers may not be comparable. it cannot be applied to asexual species. it can only be applied to large organisms.
Species definitions applied by different researchers may not be comparable.
A parsimonious tree based only on the evolution of the nervous system would put which group as the animal outgroup? Sponges Ctenophores Both
Sponges
A population of snails is the most frequent prey item for a local crab population. As a result, the snails with the thickest shells are most likely to survive and leave offspring. This will most likely result in what change in the crabs? Stronger claws Weaker claws No change in claw strength
Stronger claws
How are the genetic sequences of Eukarotes related to those of Archaea and Bacteria? Most all of Eukaryotic DNA is most similar to that of Archaea. Most all of Eukaryotic DNA is most similar to that of Bacteria. The Eukaryotic core transcription and translation genes are most similar to those of Archaea, but the other coding genes are most similar to those of Bacteria. The Eukaryotic core transcription and translation genes are most similar to those of Bacteria, but the other coding genes are most similar to those of Archaea.
The Eukaryotic core transcription and translation genes are most similar to those of Archaea, but the other coding genes are most similar to those of Bacteria.
There is a deleterious allele in the O gene, called O-4, that has a frequency of 0.5 in two large populations (1 & 2) of dandelions. In population #2, there is also an allele a variant of the X gene, called X-3, that has an epistatic effect that masks the phenotype of the O gene. Its frequency in population #2 is 0.4. How should we expect the O-4 allele frequencies to change in our two populations? The O-4 allele frequency should decrease in both populations at nearly the same rate. The O-4 allele frequency should decrease in population #1 and increase in population #2. The O-4 allele frequency should increase in population #1 and decrease in population #2. The O-4 allele frequency should decrease in both populations, but it should decrease faster in population #1. The O-4 allele frequency should decrease in both populations, but it should decrease faster in population #2.
The O-4 allele frequency should decrease in both populations, but it should decrease faster in population #1.
The Ara-3 population in the LTEE eventually evolved what ability that is rare for E. coli? The ability to do genetic recombination.. The ability to consume maltose. The ability to grow without oxygen. The ability to consume citrate in an aerobic environment. The ability to form interacting colonies.
The ability to consume citrate in an aerobic environment.
What was a common view of naturalists before the 1700s? Species periodically go extinct and are replenish by special creation. The action of living things is not based on physical laws. Species evolve to become more and more like humans. Changes occur on the outside of species, but their internal structures are unchanging.
The action of living things is not based on physical laws.
The species concept that is LEAST dependent upon making arbitrary cutoffs is The biological species concept The morphological species concept The genetic species concept
The biological species concept
A bird population arrives on a remote island with no predators. As a result, the birds which do not produce fully formed wings will be able to use those energy savings to produce more offspring. However, there is a good chance that predators will arrive on the island in the very distant future, and at that time the ability to fly will lead to a fitness advantage. What is the most likely fate of the birds on the island? The birds will lose the ability to fly. The birds will maintain the ability to fly.
The birds will lose the ability to fly.
The label "1" in the accompanying figure represents _____________. Darwin i think tree.png the common ancestor for the hypothetical lineage. the least complex species in the lineage. an extant species. All of the above
The common ancestor for the hypothetical lineage.
How is the utility of mutations most commonly viewed in evolutionary biology? The effects of mutations are random with respect to their utility. Mutations are more likely to solve problems are more likely to arise. Mutations will only arise if the organism needs them to survive.
The effects of mutations are random with respect to their utility.
When raised in the presence of a predator, populations of the water flea, Daphnia, often develop a defensive phenotype (such as that shown in the individual on the right) that is inherited by the offspring of the defended fleas. What best explains the origin of this defensive phenotype? Random mutations occur in gene sequences immediately producing the defensive phenotype. Sensing the presence of the predator, the water fleas develop novel genetic modifications in order to defend themselves. The genes for the defensive phenotype existed in the individuals prior to exposure to the predator. The genes for the defensive phenotype are acquired from the predator via horizontal gene transfer.
The genes for the defensive phenotype existed in the individuals prior to exposure to the predator.
A population of sea urchins shows the following frequencies of a gene: 50% GG, 10% Gg, and 40% gg. What is the most plausible scenario to explain this pattern? The heterozygotes are more susceptible to disease than the others. The homozygous dominant individuals are less desirable as mates than the others. The homozygous recessive individuals are emigrating out of the population at a higher rate than the others. None of the above. This population is in equilibrium.
The heterozygous are more susceptible to disease than the others.
How did light-colored mice come to live on the beaches of both the gulf and Atlantic side of Florida? The two beach populations are closely related. The light color phenotype evolved twice independently.
The light color phenotype evolved twice independently.
Assuming all else is equal, in which population is a beneficial mutation more likely to arise? A successful growing population A shrinking and threatened population The likelihood of a beneficial mutation arising should be roughly the same for both populations.
The likelihood of a beneficial mutation arising should be roughly the same for both populations.
A small population of snails lives on a mainland. A large storm disturbs them, bring a small fraction of them to a island off the coast. After several generations the island population grows to the same size as the mainland population. Assuming no gene flow between the two populations, which one should display the most genetic diversity? The mainland population The island population The genetic diversity of the two populations should be similar
The mainland population
How would Lamarck describe the evolution of large antlers in male deer? The male deer used the antlers, which caused them to enlarge. The offspring of the deer then inherited these larger antlers. The environment directly caused the antlers to grow via physical laws. Deer have always had the antlers since their creation. Deer with larger antlers were able to secure more mates and leave more offspring with larger antlers.
The male deer used the antlers, which caused them to enlarge. The offspring of the deer then inherited these larger antlers.
Mammals display uniparental inheritance of cytoplasmic organelles, with offspring only receiving mitochondria from their mothers. In the alga Chalmydomonas, which practices biparental inheritance of cytoplasmic organelles, what becomes of the chloroplasts in the offspring? The chloroplasts of the mother's cells commit suicide, leaving only the father's behind. The chloroplasts of the father's cells commit suicide, leaving only the mother's behind. The offspring lives on with half of its chroloplasts derived from each parent. The maternal and paternal chloroplasts battle until only one kind remains.
The maternal and paternal chloroplasts battle until only one kind remains.
A researcher studying the development of pelvic fins in three-spined sticklebacks, uses CRISPR to mutate a part of the Pitx-1 gene to stop the development of pelvic fins. However, a mistake is made and the resulting fish develops full-sized pelvic fins but grows shorter lips than normal. What likely happened? The mutation was introduced inside of the coding region for the Pitx-1 gene. The mutation was introduced inside of the pelvic enhancer for the Pitx-1 gene. The mutation was introduced inside of the lip enhancer for the Pitx-1 gene.
The mutation was introduced inside of the lip enhancer for the Pitx-1 gene.
According to the theory of natural selection, what determines the nature of different variants when they are first produced? New variants are produced in response to environmental challenges in order to aid the organisms' survival and reproduction. Variants are produced by the action of the organism, whereby the most used structures tend to be enlarged. The nature of new variants is unrelated to their potential adaptive value.
The nature of new variants is unrelated to their potential adaptive value.
Using reprogramming factors, scientists can now change adult differentiate cells into other kinds of cells. What would most likely happen if scientists were able to produce eggs from a female with sperm cells produced from that same female? The offspring would grow larger than normal The offspring would grow smaller than normal. There should be no change in average offspring size.
The offspring would grow smaller than normal.
Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white, to pale pink, to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time? The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time. The distribution of flower colors should not change. The distribution of flower colors should randomly fluctuate over time. The percentage of white flowers should increase over time.
The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time.
A species of dung beetle mates at freshly laid piles of dung in the forest. Over time, the males have evolved large head weapons as a result of prolonged sexual selection. What is likely true of this species? The females have a preferences for large weapons. The piles of dung are able to be defended by individual males. Large weapons help the beetles to survive predation attacks.
The piles of dung are able to be defended by individual males.
A hypothetical chromosome includes one relatively beneficial allele closely surrounded by two relatively deleterious alleles. Which would be the LEAST likely change in the relative allele frequencies in an asexual population? The relatively beneficial allele should be expected to increase in frequency, and the deleterious alleles should be expected to decrease. All the alleles should all increase in frequency together. All the alleles should decrease in frequency together.
The relatively beneficial allele should be expected to increase in frequency, and the deleterious alleles should be expected to decrease.
A hypothetical chromosome includes one relatively beneficial allele surrounded by two relatively deleterious alleles. Which would be the LEAST likely change in the relative allele frequencies in an asexual population? The relatively beneficial allele should be expected to increase in frequency, and the deleterious alleles should be expected to decrease. All the alleles should all increase in frequency together. All the alleles should decrease in frequency together.
The relatively beneficial allele should be expected to increase in frequency, and the deleterious alleles should be expected to decrease.
98% of the Y chromosome of the mouse is made up of repeats of the same few genes with unknown functions that are only expressed in the testes. Knockouts of these genes resulted in slightly more females than males being born, even though normally female mice produce an equal ratio of male and female offspring. Why did those Y chromosome repeated genes likely evolve to be common? They help the mice to produce more sperm cells. They helped to get the Y chromosome into mature sperm cells. They code for sex hormones. They stop sperm from being overproduced.
They helped to get the Y chromosome into the mature sperm cells.
A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these statements best explains why the pigweed reappeared? Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate, creating a new triazine-resistant species. Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce. The individual weeds built a resistance to triazine and left more resistant offspring.. Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism.
Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce.
It is possible for a new mutation to become fixed (100% frequency) in a population even if it confers no evolutionary advantage. True False
True
Using the character table below, create the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree of the taxa listed. Note that the lancelet is given as the outgroup. From the tree that you've created, are salamanders more closely related to turtles or tuna? Vertebrate character table.jpg Turtles Tuna
Turtles
In which of the following examples would speciation most likely occur? A radiation leak causes sterility in all members of a local moth population. Two tree populations begin to release pollen at different times. A remote lake warms by 2 degrees Celsius. A single remote population of turtles in a very stable environment.
Two tree populations begin to release pollen at t different times.
Which is the correct sequence of Hox genes in the Parhyale amphipod from anterior to posterior? Abd-B, Ubx, abd-A abd-A, Abd-B, Ubx Abd-B, abd-A, Ubx Ubx, abd-A, Abd-B
Unix, abd-A, Abd-B
What is NOT one of the central tenets of the theory of natural selection described by Darwin and Wallace? Variations are, at least in part, heritable. Those individuals whose variations confer an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce. Variations in traits are produced by mutations. Variations exist in any given generation of a species.
Variations in traits are produced by mutations.
Some plants induce chemical defenses when exposed to herbivores, and the offspring of these plants often expresses the defense trait without exposure to herbivores. How is this trait most likely inherited? Via inoculation with toxic bacteria symbionts. Via inheritance of epigenetic gene regulation. Via cultural transmission. Via inheritance of an allele.
Via inheritance of epigenetic gene regulation.
The selection coefficient for an allele variant of a gene involved in carbohydrate metabolism in a population of mold is 0.1. When this is allele is introduced into a different population of the same species, what should we expect the selection coefficient to be? 0.2 0.1 0.0 We need more information to determine this answer.
We need more information to determine this answer.
According to the tree below, which is the most recent common ancestor of species 2 and 3? simple generic tree.png X Y Z 1
Y
According to Hamilton's rule, the success of altruistic behavior hinges on the ability to distinguish kin from unrelated individuals. Hamilton proposed that an allele that produces a distinctive trait (i.e., the greenbeard effect), along with altruistic behavior directed at the bearers of this trait, could drive such an altruistic allele to high frequencies in a population. Has such a gene been discovered? Yes No
Yes
In a population of cattle, the following color distribution was noted: 36% red (RR), 48% roan (Rr), and 16% white. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Yes No
Yes
What is a factor that sets the upper bound for population size? predator density food availability drought frequency parasite number
food availability
Mendel's theory of inheritance could explain inheritance of acquired characters. why genetic swamping should usually reduce the novel phenotypes of mutants over generations. reappearance of traits from two or more generations prior. how gemmules travelled within the body.
reappearance of traits from two or more generations prior.
