Organismal Biology Chapter 22

Which of the following is a correct restatement of Charles Darwin's phrase "descent with modification"?

"Descent with modification" means that the species that exist in the present descended from other, preexisting species and that species change over time

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _______.

homology

Over time. the lineage that led to modern whales shows a change from four-limbed land animals to aquatic animals with two limbs that function as flippers. This change is best explained by _________.

natural selection

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were the first to propose _______.

natural selection as the mechanisms of evolution

Pseudogenes are __________.

nonfunctional, vestigial genes

Developmental homologies most likely occur because _______.

of genetic homologies

The modern definition of evolution is _________.

a change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Resistance to a wide variety of insecticides, fungicides, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and herbicides has recently evolved in hundreds of insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Why do we observe this increased resistance?

humans have altered the environments of these organisms, and natural selection is causing populations of these organisms to evolve resistant individuals

Who proposed that organisms could be organized into a scale of nature?

Aristotle

Which of the following scientists argued that variation among individuals, acted upon by the forces of natural selection, allows evolution to occur?

Charles Darwin

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving via natural selection? Condition 1: the population must vary in trait that are heritable Condition 2: some heritable traits must increase reproductive success Condition 3: individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime

Conditions 1 and 2

What is considered Charles Darwin's greatest contribution to science?

Darwin describes the process of natural selection

How do the theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin differ?

Darwin proposed that populations change, whereas Lamarck proposed that individuals change

What three major lines of evidence did Charles Darwin use to argue that species have changed over time?

Darwin's evidence was that (1) fossils frequently resemble present-day species found in the same area, (2) many species have gone extinct, and (3) vestigial traits are common

During the drought of 1977, 84 percent of the medium ground finch population on Daphne Major disappeared. The individuals that survived had beaks that were deeper and larger than the beaks of individuals who did not survive. Given that natural selection favored large individuals with deeper and larger beaks, how can the presence of individuals with small, pointier beaks in 1983 be explained?

Even though the majority of birds after 1977 had deeper and larger beaks, there was still variation in beak size in the population. As seed type and seed availability changed, birds with beaks suited to exploit abundant seeds had higher reproductive success.

If Charles Darwin had been aware of genes and their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?

If natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations, then given enough time and genetic diversity, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.

In the mid-1900s, Soviet geneticist Trofim Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to increasingly colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of __________.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that evolution occurs through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Hos theory of evolution can be summarized as follows: [ inanimate matter < lower plants < higher plants < invertebrates < egg-bearing vertebrates < live-bearing vertebrates < humans ] What is the main difference between Lamarck's view of evolution and Charles Darwin's view of evolution?

Lamarck's idea correlates to a latter of evolution. Lamarck proposed that organisms become more complex over time

Which statement restates the fact that rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis is an adaptation?

Rifampin resistance is a heritable trait that increases the fitness of resistant individuals compared to susceptible individuals

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z

If two modern organisms last shared a common ancestor 50 million years ago, we expect that they ________.

have fewer homologous structures than two modern organisms that last shared a common ancestor one million years ago

What are vestigial traits? Do vestigial traits support the idea of special creation or descent with modification?

Vestigial traits are structures that are incompletely developed or reduced, and have limited or no function. This indicates that species change over time, and is an important pattern component of the theory of evolution. Vestigial traits are inconsistent with the theory of special creation.

Has evolution by natural selection recently occurred in populations of M. tuberculosis?

Yes. the frequency of the adaptive allele for drug resistance in M tuberculosis has increased over time

Prior to the work of geologists and biologists (like Charles Darwin), the prevailing belief was that Earth is ________.

a few thousand years old, and that populations are unchanging

A group of boys work out, practice for long hours, and become very good at playing basketball. Which of the following is true about this observation?

all of their efforts wont influence evolution, because they haven't changed anything that is heritable

Artic toothfishes live in very cold water year-round. These fishes have genes that code for freeze-resistant proteins. The production of such proteins in these fish is an example of ________.

an adaptation

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as result." Which of the following statements will most likely be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

characteristics acquired during an organisms life are generally not passed on through genes

On Daphne Major, the medium ground finches did not reproduce, and 84 percent died during the drought of 1977. Did evolution occur during this time?

even though there was no reproduction, because mortality was not random, evolution occurred.

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

genetic variation among individuals

Which of the following statements best depicts population thinking?

individual giraffes within a population exhibits a range of different neck lengths

Organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that _______.

island forms are descended from mainland forms

Why is Aristotle's great chain of beings an incorrect theory?

it is incorrect because it considers species as "higher" or "lower" organisms, and it does not recognize that species change

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of large, adult, algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). The population of algae-eaters experiences predatory pressure from pike-cichlids. Which of the following is least likely to occur in the algae-eater population in future generations?

selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger young

Which of the following statements describes the law of succession?

species in the fossil record were succeeded in the same region by similar species

The best definition of biological fitness is _____.

the ability of an individual to successfully reproduce relative to other individuals in the population

A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of both competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90 percent of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this most recent surge in the population size might be true?

the amount of available food may have increased and/or the predators that prey on squirrels may have decreased

How did the theory of special creation differ from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

the theory of special creation proposed that species are independently created and immutable over time. Charles Darwin observed that species are related and change over time

You are studying a group of fossils, and you notice that a particular trait is present in the older fossils, but that this trait disappears in the more recent species. What is the meaning of this observation?

this observation means that in more recent species, individuals without the trait may have had higher biological fitness

HIV's genome of RNA includes the code for reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that acts early in infection to synthesize a DNA genome from an RNA template. The HIV genome also codes for protease (PR), an enzyme that acts later in infection by cutting long viral polyproteins into smaller, functional proteins. Both RT and PR represent potential targets for antiretroviral drugs. Drugs called nucleoside analogs (NA) act against RT, whereas drugs called protease inhibitors (PI) act against PR. Which of the following represents the treatment option most likely to avoid the evolution of drug-resistant HIV (assuming no drug interactions or side effects)?

using moderate doses of NA nd two different PIs at the same time for several months

Which of the following statements is an example of typological thinking?

women are shorter than men, have longer hair, and like to shop