Organizational Behavior
What are the steps for implementing an effective ethics compliance system?
(1) setting standards for ethical behavior (code of ethics); (2) assigning high-level staff to oversee compliance; (3) communicating the standards by a variety of means; (4) establishing monitoring and reporting systems; (5) enforcing compliance through defined discipline systems; (6) ensuring ongoing responsiveness to violations and modifying systems as appropriate
What is organizational behavior?
(OB) refers to explaining human behavior in organizations, which includes examining the behavior of individuals, groups, or all of the members of an organization as a whole
What is practical wisdom?
(prudence) is exercising foresight, reason, and discretion to achieve what is good for the community
When was the Human Relations era?
1930-1950; included Hawthorne Studies/Hawthorne Effect (when people are watching you, you are more productive)
What percentage of men / women are type A?
70% men type A 50/50 women
What is the logic behind conventional OB?
Adam Smith's "invisible hand" metaphor, which suggests that the good of the community is assured when every individual is permitted to pursue his or her own self-interested goals
What does B = f(P, E) mean?
Behavior = function of personality (skills & abilities, attitudes, beliefs, values, & ethics) and environment (personal life, job itself, culture, industry)
What is the strongest predicator of job performance?
Conscientiousness
What is the most common type of myers briggs for american managers?
ESTJ
What is polyphasic thought and action?
Type A behavior; think or do more than one thing at a time; hallmark of type A; hurry sickness
What country has the highest individualism?
US
What makes a behavior effective?
a behavior or action is effective if it creates a desired effect or accomplishes a desired goal or outcome
What is core self-evaluation?
a broad trait that integrates an individual's sense of self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, level of emotional stability, and locus of control
What is co-creation?
a collaborative process of multiple organizations working with customers to provide solutions to customer's needs and in joint ventures in which two organizations share the risk and gain for developing a new technology or delivering products or services
What is sustainable development?
a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What is a code of ethics?
a formal written statement of an organization's primary values and the ethical rules it expects its members to follow
What is a moral point of view?
a framework of values we use to develop our internally consistent and logically justified principles and standards of right and wrong; acts as a sort of lens that influences the way we view the process of making ethical decisions and the way we act ethically in the workplace
What is generalized self-efficacy?
a person's belief or confidence in his or her capability to cope with and perform in a variety of situations
What is self-efficacy?
a person's belief that he or she will be able to complete a task successfully
What is locus of control?
a person's consistent belief about the sources of success and failure (internal vs external)
What is job satisfaction?
a person's general attitude toward his or her job or job experiences
What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
a personality inventory based on Carl Jung's work on psychological types
What is conscientiousness?
a personality trait associated with being achievement oriented, responsible, persevering, and dependable
What is emotional stability?
a personality trait associated with being calm, placid, poised, not neurotic
What is agreeableness?
a personality trait associated with being good-natured, cooperative, trustful, and not jealous
What is openness to experience?
a personality trait associated with being intellectual, original, imaginative, and cultured
What is extraversion?
a personality trait associated with being sociable, talkative, assertive, and adventurous
What is sustaincentrism?
a perspective promoting balance between the human and ecological concerns in organizational endeavors
What is justice?
a sense of fairness that ensures that everyone connected with an organization gets his or her due
What are values?
a set of personal tenets that guide a person's actions in evaluating and adapting to his or her world
What is diversity?
a state of having or being composed of differing attributes
What is a meta-analysis?
a study that combines the evidence from numerous studies to draw general conclusions
What is emotional labor?
a term given to the display and management of appropriate emotion as part of fulfilling job requirements
What is benevolence?
acting to promote and preserve the welfare of others
What are emotions?
affective states that arise in response to information or messages a person receives from specific sensory inputs
Which of the big five personality traits is a good with building culture?
agreeableness
What is empathy?
allows us to read nonverbal messages and understand the emotional content of others' communications
What is impression management?
an actor's active attempt to limit or influence the information the perceiver receives
What is teleopathy?
an addiction to the unbalanced pursuit of a single purpose or goal
What is polycentrism?
an assumption that members in a host country know the best way to manage an organization in their country
What is organizational commitment?
an attachment or bond to a particular organization
What is self-esteem?
an individual's self-evaluation of worth
What is a multinational company?
an organization that receives more than 25 percent of its total sales revenue from outside its home country
What is egoism?
another consequentialist theory; a moral philosophy based on what benefits me the most
What is a stakeholder?
any group within or outside the organization that is directly affected by the organization and has a stake in its performance
What are ethics?
are a set of principles or standards that differentiate right from wrong
What are commitments?
are attachments or bonds to people, actions, or organizations
What are instrumental values?
are desirable means to achieve end states (love, adventure, service, charity, efficiency, control, and independence)
What are states?
are dynamic conditions of a person evident in what he or she thinks, feels, or acts
What are ideal types?
are fundamental models or theoretical extremes
What are virtues?
are good ways of acting that are noble or have value regardless of the end result or consequences
What are beliefs?
are ideas or opinions we hold to be true
What are terminal values?
are related to desirable ends (what a person values achieving in life); i.e. financial wealth, individual status and well-being, peace, health, and performance
What are relational skills?
are talents for getting along with and motivating people
What is representativeness?
assessing something based on its similarity to a typical (representative) person or experience instead of the unique characteristics of the current situation
What are the three main sources work commitments originate from?
attitudes (affective commitments - i want to); obligations (normative commitments - i ought to); limited alternatives (continuance commitments - i have to)
What are the key individual states in the context of organization?
attitudes, perceptions, emotions, decisions, self-leadership, motivation, ethics
What is a fundamental attribution error?
attributing the source of another's behavior or performance to personal factors instead of to the situation
What does effectiveness look like from a sustainable OB perspective?
balances conventional outcomes while emphasizing community interests, creativity, and consequences for a broad set of stakeholders into the foreseeable future
How does conventional OB measure what is "good"?
best generic measure of good is wealth or money; best way to maximize the greatest good is to create individual financial wealth, which people can then use according to their own preferences for what constitutes a good life
What is utilitarianism?
best-known consequentialist theory; a moral philosophy that holds that ethical managers strive to produce the greatest good for the greatest amount of people
What is the use of emotions?
broken down into: internal motivation (lets us summon emotional energy to get something started and persevere through difficulties) & social skills (help us use emotion to establish strong connection with and influence others
What is self-direction?
choosing autonomy and freedom to ensure personal independence
What are some Type A behaviors?
competitiveness, coronary-prone behavior (2/3rds more likely to have a heart issue); quest for achievement; social status insecurity; aggression; hostility; time urgency; assertive; type A think they are successful because they are type A
What is the natural environment?
composed of all living and nonliving things that have not been created by human technology or human activity
What is the sustainable application for agreeableness?
conducive to agreeing with team members and developing mutual trust with co-workers
What is the conventional application for agreeableness?
conducive to agreeing with top-down rules and supporting management
What is the consequentialist theory?
considered the consequences of an action in determining what is ethical; conventional moral point of view
What is ethical culture?
consists of the formal and informal systems aimed at influencing the ethical behavior of organizational members
What is the sustainable application for conscientiousness?
contributes to consistent effort in group work and helping others beyond what is required
What is the conventional application for conscientiousness?
contributes to productivity across a variety of individual jobs and tasks
What is power distance?
deference to authority
What is achievement?
demonstrating competence and capability to achieve personal success
What is tradition?
demonstrating respect for the customs and traditions of others
What is a negative affect?
describes a person who is generally angry, anxious, and pessimistic
What is a positive affect?
describes a person who is generally happy, enthused, and optimistic
What is ethical climate?
describes the informal shared perceptions of what are appropriate practices and procedures; characterized as primarily promoting egoism (self-interest), benevolence (concern for others), or principles (laws and policies)
How is wrong and right determined by in the conventional level?
determined by social norms or external standards
How is wrong and right determined by in the post conventional level?
determined by transcendent universal principles established through conscience and reason
What does effectiveness look like from a conventional OB perspective?
effectiveness emphasizes outcomes associated with personal interests, performance, commitment, predictability, and what profits a narrow set of stakeholders in the short term
How does conventional OB say we can maximize wealth?
embrace and encourage individualism; Adam Smith's invisible hand; Milton Friedman (goal of business is to make a profit)
What is uncertainty avoidance?
emphasis on conformity and stability
What is individualism?
emphasis on individual self-interests; collectivism - opposite; emphasis on interests of group
What does organizing look like from a sustainable OB perspective?
emphasizes courage and experimentation
What is theory Z?
emphasizes the belief that people like to be members of a group and will work most productively in stable groups
Why should we study OB?
enhances your self-awareness and capacity for self-improvement, equips you to serve in managerial roles in organizations, and enables you to understand, interact with, and influence others
What is security?
ensuring harmony, stability, and order in relationships and society
What does controlling look like from a conventional OB perspective?
ensuring that the actions of organizational members are consistent with organizational goals
What does organizing look like from a conventional OB perspective?
ensuring the tasks have been assigned and the structure of organizational relationships facilities the meeting of organizational goals
What is power?
exerting control or dominance for the sake of status or prestige
What are the big 5 personality types?
extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, open to experience, emotional stability
What is anchoring and adjustment?
failing to sufficiently adjust a judgment from an initial impression (an anchor), even in the face of contrary evidence
What is the virtue theory?
focuses on character and the ways in which people practice and facilitate he practice of virtues in community, thereby facilitating happiness
What are some actions that can be taken to detoxify situations?
focusing listening - give others your undivided attention and hear them out; creating breathing room - provide others a temporary reduced work load or time off or away from stressful conditions to work through their emotions; buffering the pain - intercept toxic messages and translate them into less inflammatory or accusatory language; removing the problem - relieve people from emotionally toxic positions or relationships; transforming the problem - commit to helping others learn from and change at toxic situation
What are stereotypes?
general perceptions about a group of people with similar characteristics
What does globalization equal?
global village
What are virtues?
good ways of acting that are noble or have value regardless of the end result or consequence
What does planning look like from a sustainable OB perspective?
happens through participation, practical wisdom, and higher-order goals
J vs P
how you do life; 55% J; P likes collecting new info; lists for Js
S vs N
how you gather info; 70-75 sensing; N - don't like routines; S - like tangible results; detailed vs abstract (open-minded)
What is national culture?
includes the shared values, beliefs, knowledge, and general patterns of behavior that characterize a country's citizens
What are the Hofstede's five dimensions of National Culture?
individualism to collectivism; materialism to quality of life; short-term orientation to long-term orientation; power distance to challenge authority; uncertainty avoidance to comfortable with uncertainty
What are abilities?
innate capabilities to perform a specific task
What is critical thinking?
involves actively questioning and evaluating assumptions and information
What does controlling look like from a sustainable OB perspective?
involves promoting justice and ensuring actions are consistent with organizational values
What is the obstructionist stance?
least sensitive to the natural environment
What is conformity?
living in accordance with established norms and expectations
What is a mood?
more general, tend to last longer and are influenced to some degree by personality
What is the conventional application for emotional stability?
necessary in order to be hired and to handle job pressures
What is the sustainable application for emotional stability?
necessary to remain calm and considerate in working with a diversity of people
What is the ABC framework?
of attitudes includes affect (how you feel about it), behavioral intentions (what you plan to do), cognitions (what you think about it)
What is the defensive strategy or legal approach?
organizational members do only as much as is legally required and may even try to use the law to their own advantage
What is the market approach?
organizational members show concern for environmental concerns in response to demands or opportunities in the marketplace
What is the proactive approach?
organizational members take the initiative and actively seek out opportunities to enhance he natural environment
What are attributions?
people's explanations of the causes of behaviors or performance (external vs internal)
What is materialism?
place high value on assertiveness and achievements such as better paying jobs, material possessions, and money; quality of life - opposite
What does planning look like from a conventional OB perspective?
planning is the process of deciding on an organization's goals and strategies
What is the level of moral development?
post-conventional (what are relevant principles); conventional (what is everyone else doing); pre-conventional (what's in it for me)
What are the four cardinal virtues?
practical wisdom, self-control, justice, and courage
What is the social categorization theory?
proposes that we can use characteristics to categorize others into groups, and this shapes our attitudes and behavior toward others
What is hedonism?
pursuing self-gratification and pleasure
What are technical skills?
refer to expertise in a particular task or field
What are conceptual skills?
refer to the capability to understand complex issues and underlying causes and to solve problems with broad implications
What is globalization?
refers to the increased interdependence and integration among people and organizations around the world
What is self-control?
relates to a person's emotional regulation and ability to overcome impulsive actions and greed
What does leading look like from a conventional OB perspective?
relating with others so that their work efforts help achieve organizational goals
What does leading look like from a sustainable OB perspective?
relies on relational self-control and treating members with dignity
What is availability (regards to perceptions)?
relying on memorable information - dramatic or recent - to make judgments
How is wrong and right determined by in the pre conventional level?
right and wrong are determined by what is rewarded and punished
What is selective perception?
screening out information that contradicts an existing perception
What is universalism?
seeking equal treatment and justice among all people and the environment
What is stimulation?
seeking excitement and challenge for the sake of stimulation and experience
What is time orientation?
short term - emphasize living in the present; long term - greater concern for the future (don't buy on credit)
What are organizations?
social structures created by individuals to support the collaborative pursuit of specific goals
What are perceptions?
state of what individuals are thinking about what they are experiencing in organizations; subjective interpretations we give to information and messages we receive from sensory inputs
What is theory X?
states that managers assume people are inherently lazy, dislike work, will avoid working hard unless forced to do so, and prefer to be directed rather than accepting responsibility
What is theory Y?
states that managers assume people are inherently motivated to work and will feel unfulfilled if they do not have the opportunity to work and make a contribution to society
What are attitudes?
summary evaluations of a particular object or person
What is egalicentric?
sustainable OB approach; the assumption that people from different cultures working together in a manner characterized by two-way, give-and-take communication fosters deeper mutual understanding, community, and new insights
What is conventional OB?
tends to emphasize material or financial well-being and the interests of a narrow range of stakeholders in the immediate future
What is sustainable OB?
tends to emphasize multiple forms of well-being (i.e., financial, social, ecological, spiritual) and the interests of a broad range of stakeholders in the immediate as well as distant future
What is emotional self-awareness?
the ability to recognize when emotional responses are triggered and by what
What is ethnocentrism?
the assumption that members of one's own home country offer the best way to manage in a host country
What is job involvement?
the extent to which a person thinks about, is immersed in, and is concerned about his or her job
What is emotional intelligence?
the innate or developed capability to recognize, manage, and exercise emotions in relationships; self-awareness, self-management, empathy, and use of emotion (internal motivation and social skills)
Who is the target actor?
the person being perceived
What is management?
the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling human and other organizational resources towards the achievement of organizational goals
What is corporate social responsibility?
the responsibility of organizations to act in ways that protect and improve the welfare of multiple stakeholders
What is organization-specific responsibility?
the responsibility of organizations to focus on the organization's owners and their financial interests
What is self-management of emotions?
the skill of harnessing emotions to positively influence interactions with others
What is moral development?
the state or level of a person's moral reasoning
What is the actor-observer bias?
the tendency to alter attributions based on whether a person is judging herself or someone else
What is cognitive dissonance?
the uncomfortable mental state we experience if a current perception, belief, or behavior conflicts with a past perception, deeply held belief, or previous behavior
What is personality?
the unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions shown by individuals
What is courage?
the willingness to take action to do what is good regardless of personal consequences
What is the accommodation or stakeholder approach?
this approach goes beyond the market approach and responds to the environmental concerns of various stakeholder groups, including customers, the local community, business partners, and special-interest groups
What is the focus of the OB book?
understanding people and their essential role in enabling organizations to serve society
What is the conventional application for open to experience?
useful in adapting to change and profitable innovations
What is the sustainable application for open to experience?
useful in promoting creativity and learning from diverse stakeholders
What are halo/horn effects?
using one piece of known information - good or bad - to influence general perceptions
What is the conventional application for extraversion?
valuable for being assertive, engaging customers, and initiating actions
What is the sustainable application for extraversion?
valuable for being sociable, encouraging community, and leading collective actions
What does sustainable OB draw from as the basis of its moral point of view?
virtue theory - focuses on character and the ways in which people practice virtues in community, thereby facilitating happiness, which Aristotle called the supreme good; exemplified by service and balance; focuses on character of leaders and organizational members instead of on utility
T vs F
what drives our decision making; 60% F; Male vs Female; 2/3 of women are F; conventional vs sustainable; F has more empathy;
E vs I
where we derive energy from; 52% of people who took myers briggs are introvert
What is organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)?
work behavior that goes above and beyond normal role or job expectations to help others or benefit the organization