Organizational Behavior Exam 2 Study Guide
Integrative negotiation
a host of interests are considered, resulting in an agreement that is satisfactory for both parties
Conciliation
a neutral third party informally acts as a communication conduit between disputing parties
Peer review
a panel of trustworthy co-workers hears both sides of a dispute in an informal and confidential meeting and may make binding decisions depending on the company
Communication Competence
a perform-based index of an individual's abilities to effectively use communication behaviors in a given context
Facilitation
a third party informally urges disputing parties to deal directly with each other in a positive and constructive manner
Arbitration
a third party neutral makes final and binding decision based on legal merits
Mediation
a trained, third party neutral actively guides the disputing parties in exploring innovative solutions to the conflict to help the disputants to reach a mutually acceptable decision
Waypower
achieving the goal. Need to set alternative paths to achieve the goal
Restorative justice
an approach to justice where one of the responses to a crime is to organize a meeting between the victim and the offender
Implicit Bias
any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness; causes us to make biased decisions without realizing we are doing so
Formal Groups
assigned by an organization or its managers to accomplish specific goals
Temperance
balance in an organization's practices
Verbal Communication
communication that uses written or spoken words
Nonverbal Communication
communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
Rumination
dwelling on past or current challenges
Task roles
enable the work group to define, clarify, and pursue a common purpose
Maintenance roles (keep the group together)
encourager, harmonizer, compromiser, gatekeeper, standard setter, commentator, follower
Informal Groups
exists when members' overriding purpose in getting together is friendship or a common interest
Positive OB
focuses on positive human characteristics that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement
Willpower
having a goal and the determination to achieve it
Efficacy
having the confidence to take on challenging tasks and put in the effort necessary to succeed
Outcomes of Positive Emotions
help build social, psychological, and physical resources. Combat negative emotions. Broaden your mindset, open you to consider new things. Have benefits which endure over long periods of time.
Know what happens when you balance positive and negative emotions
if "x" happens then I'll do "y": think about the bright side of things and that everything happens for a reason; failure is a setback and you accomplish and move forward more when you balance these emotions
Task roles ( keep the ground on track)
initiator, information seeker, opinion seeker, elaborator, orientor, coordinator, evaluator, energizer, procedural technician, recorder
Distributive negotiation
involves a single issue (a fixed pie) in which one person gains at the expense of another
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
it uses faster more user friendly method of dispute resolution
Optimism
making a positive attribution about succeeding now and in the future
Virtual teams
members work across time, space, and organizational boundaries to achieve common goals
Pro social behavior
positive acts performed without expectation of anything in return
Positive psychological capital (psycap)
possess considerable hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism (HERO)
Hope
preserving towards goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths in order to succeed
Self efficacy
represents your confidence in your ability to achieve; influences the way you perceive the world around you and your ability to deal with challenges and opportunities
Ombudsman
someone who works for the organization, and is widely respected and trusted by his or her coworkers, hears grievances on a confidential basis and attempts to arrange a solution
Compassion
sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others
Trust
the act of sharing information and coordinating efforts to achieve a collective outcome
Mindfulness
the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgemental to the unfolding of experience moment by moment
Resilience
when hampered by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond to obtaining success
Foster psychologically safe environment
- assuring the leaders are inclusive and accessible - celebrating and reinforcing the value and differences between group members and their ideas - hiring and developing people who are comfortable expressing their ideas and are receptive of others
Examples of Nonverbal Communication
- body movement and gestures - touch - facial expressions - eye contact
Functional conflict
- constructive - cooperative - consultative interactions - focus on the issue - mutual respect - give and take
Types of ADR
- facilitation - conciliation - peer review - ombudsman - mediation - arbitration
Know what helps psychological safety
- foster psychologically safe environment - shared belief held by team members to that team
A shared belief held by team members that the team
- is a safe place for interpersonal risk taking - captures the sense of confidence that the team will not embarrass, reject, or punish someone for speaking up
Types of virtual teams
- relationships - communication - decision making - leadership - diversity
Global values that are essential for promoting positive OB
- restorative justice - compassion - temperance
Roles important to groups
- task roles - maintenance roles
Dysfunctional conflict
- threaten or diminish an organization's interest - absenteenism - turnover - unionization - litigation
Ethical Tactics Used in negotiations
- trustful without being misleading - limit counterproductive emotions - avoid group pressure - honor promises - respect relationships - seek council
How to reduce conflict and intergroup conflict
- work to eliminate specific negative interactions - conduct team building - encourage and facilitate friendships via social events - foster positive attitudes; compassion and empathy - avoid or neutralize negative gossip resolution - be a role model