Organizational Behavior Midterm

collectivistic cultures are those in which

people tend to have strong bonds to their groups, and group membership forms a person's self-identity.

Research on the interactionist perspective suggests

people who fit into their organization tend to be more satisfied with their jobs.

Research on job characteristics indicates that

people who have high growth need tend to expect their jobs to help them build new skills.

in a survey of 500 large companies, those with the largest percentage of female executives

performed better than those with the smallest percentage

A term for all of a person's relatively stable feelings, thoughts, and behavioral patterns is conscientiousness.

personality

Laura takes a personality survey and finds she strongly exhibits the trait of agreeableness. Laura can be described as

pleasant, tolerant, sensitive, and kind.

Hofstede found that countries differ on the equality or hierarchy among people, which he referred to as

power distance

Lindsey administered a test to a job candidate three different times. She is looking at the scores and sees that they are 85, 87 and 85 out of 100, and notes that the scores are fairly consistent. In other words, the test is

reliable

Learning and reviewing information multiple times over a longer period of time is a learning technique known as

repetition

An applicant-matching software program would indicate which personality trait would provide the best person-organization fit with a Wall Street investment firm?

risk-taking

A tendency to attribute our successes to internal causes and our failures to the situation is evidence of

self-serving bias.

"asians are more talented in math than other ethnic groups" is an example of

stereotype

Often the root cause of a self-fulfilling prophecy is

stereotyping

Research on performance incentives suggests

75% of all American companies use a merit pay system.

How can managers best influence the perceptions of expectancy theory?

Conduct employee surveys periodically to ascertain what employees consider to be rewards for performance and integrate that in some manner into the performance evaluation program.

How could a firm best satisfy an employee's safety needs?

Create a job security clause in the employment contract.

A management by objectives program includes

Developing action plans

In comparing Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to Alderfer's ERG theory

ERG theory recognizes more than one need may operate at one time.

Frederick Taylor's work led to a fundamental change in management philosophy. Which statement describes this change?

It paved the way for today's automation and standardization.

quiz 2

Quiz 2

quiz 5

Quiz 5

Skill variety refers to

The extent to which the job requires a person to utilize multiple high-level skills.

job satisfaction refers to

The feelings people have toward their jobs.

According to Rokeach, which statement is accurate about values?

Values are hierarchically ordered.

Santiago wants to thoroughly understand the issues that created the severe economic straits Boeing currently finds itself experiencing. He should consider what kind of a research study?

a case study

Companies using sales commissions reward employees with

a percentage of sales volume or profits generated.

A piece rate system refers to

a program where employees are paid on the basis of individual output produced.

A Gallup study indicates ___________ of Americans indicate they find their work meaningful.

about on in ten

For men, which personality trait relates negatively to income level?

agreeableness

A criticism of Herzberg's theory of motivation is that

all of the above

A factor which helps determine employee empowerment is

all of the above

Individuals who perceive severe inequity often strive to "balance the scales" by performing which action?

all of the above

a faultline is

an attribute along which a group is split into subgroups

Structural empowerment refers to

aspects of the work environment that give employees discretion, autonomy, and ability to do jobs effectively.

According to the formula for the motivating potential score of a job, the most important elements in deciding motivation potential are

autonomy and feedback

A key element of the scientific management philosophy is

breaking down jobs into their simplest components to facilitate specialization.

What is the most powerful influence over job performance?

cognitive ability

Theft and sabotage at work are examples of what type of behaviors?

counterproductive work behaviors

Needs-based theories propose that a manager's job is to determine what employees' needs are and then to

create the work environment that meets those needs

360-degree feedback

designed to provide feedback for developmental purposes

Scientific management's focus is on

efficiency

Maslow's theory of motivation suggests

employee needs are ordered

In the United States, employers may use some electronic monitoring of employees as long as

employees are notified in advance.

Fair hearing refers to

ensuring that there is two-way communication during the appraisal process and the employee's perspective is heard.

Individuals who expect yearly wage increases without exhibiting increased performance may be labeled

entitleds

Job enlargement involves

expanding the tasks performed by employees to add more variety.

Jake wonders if his late nights at the office over the past year have boosted his overall performance. This is an example of which aspect of expectancy theory?

expectancy

According to Maslow, an example of physiological needs may be satisfied by

food

A position high in autonomy allows an employee to

have freedom to decide how to perform their tasks.

Ability refers to

having the skills and knowledge required to perform the job

In considering workplace distributive justice, it is accurate to note that

high levels of justice create higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviors.

an individual described as ethnocentric believes that

his or her culture is superior to other cultures

An example of extinction is

ignoring a coworker who is telling dirty jokes.

Positive reinforcement tends to

increase the desired behavior

Norene is being considered for a managerial position at a prestigious firm. She completes a Thematic Apperception Test as part of an assessment center exercise for prospective managers. Facilitators will examine the results carefully for their manager choices knowing that

individuals high in need for achievement may find it difficult to delegate authority to subordinates.

If you say to yourself, "As soon as I finish reading this chapter in my textbook, I am going to play Guitar Hero for an hour," this specific goal has motivated you because

it has energized you to keep going until you have accomplished the goal.

Organizations wishing to increase worker motivation should pay particular attention to

job design

When an ethical climate exists at a firm, studies suggest people are

less likely to want to leave the firm

In an employment review, adequate notice refers to

letting employees know what criteria are used in appraisal.

The "M" in "SMART" goals stands for

measurable

A measure that is high in validity

measures what it is intended to measure

job specification can

minimize training costs

Performance is a function of the interaction between

motivation, ability and environment

Which element is related to lower levels of organizational commitment?

negative affective disposition

According to acquired needs theory, individuals with a high need for affiliation

none of the above

One way to satisfy self-actualization needs is to

pursue a master's degree through a company's tuition reimbursement program.

quiz 6

quiz 6

During an experiment, the control group

receives no experimental manipulation.

Maslow's theory of motivation has been criticized because

research does not support the argument that satisfied needs no longer motivate behavior.

Countries high in power distance and authoritarianism respond negatively to

review systems where lower-level employees give performance feedback to their managers

In expectancy theory, valence isIn expectancy theory, valence is

the anticipated satisfaction that will result from an outcome

Interactional justice is understood to be

the degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness, and dignity in interpersonal interactions

Job crafting allows ___________ to make changes to the job description.

the employee

In the workplace, motivation refers to

the intention of achieving a goal, leading to goal-directed behavior

In simulations examining whether reinforcement theory explains ethical behavior, researchers found that

the severity of expected punishment was the primary predictor of whether subjects were inclined to behave unethically.

Research on equity theory suggests

those who feel over-rewarded experience little distress over the situation.

When companies provide training to employees to teach them new skills, it results in positive changes in employees' jobs and careers. This method is called

upskilling

Praising the employee occasionally when the person shows up on time is an example of a(n) ___________ of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Our values reflect

what is most important to us

Companies can reduce the temptation to behave unethically by

withholding rewards from those who are demonstrating unethical behaviors.

The primary reason for employee turnover is

work attitudes

compositional differences among people in a work unit are referred to as

diversity

Making sense of how people behave at work depends on understanding

their work attitudes

A person who prefers kinesthetic learning prefers

doing things and by actively engaging with the material

The degree to which a person successfully fulfills the factors included in the job description is called

job performance

If one looks at the number of studies conducted on attitudes, what seems to be the most important with respect to one's job?

job satisfaction

Someone with a preference for _________ learning is typically a student who prefers to learn things by trial and error.

kinesthetic (tactile)

Research conducted outside the workplace and performed under very controlled conditions is called a

lab study

Boeing decides to lay off some of its IT workers, and instead have the same services provided by Dell. This is an example of:

outsourcing

An analytic approach that focuses on understanding what has happened in the past is

-descriptive analytics.

Evaluating organizations against the performance criteria of economic, social, and environmental viability refers specifically to

-the triple bottom line.

a stereotype is

A generalization about a particular group of people

age is positively correlated with which work behavior

NONE OF THE ABOVE

Joaquin works as a math instructor at a local high school. Although he earns less than many of his friends, he values education and routine, and enjoys having his weekends and summers free. What can we reasonably assume about Joaquin's work life?

He has a high degree of person-organization fit.

if someone from a strongly collectivist culture was asked to, "tell me about yourself", he or she might say

I am the third child of a doctor and a lawyer

An organization using essay type performance reviews subjects thousands of completed performance evaluations to a text analysis. By comparing the number of words used and the emotional tone of the words, used, the analyses showed that when evaluating female employees, managers wrote shorter and used more negative words to describe employee performance. This is an example of which type of study?

Machine learning

QUIZ 3

Quiz 3

Quiz 4!

Quiz 4

person-job fit refers to the

The degree to which a person's skill, knowledge, abilities, and other characteristics match the job demands.

gender discrimination is prohibited by which law

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

In attribution, low distinctiveness is characterized by

a person behaving the same way in different situations.

Marisol always seems to know who to talk to in her organization to get things done. When her immediate supervisor seemed less than enthusiastic about her proposal, she made sure to mention it to the manager in another department who shared it with his boss. Marisol was just approached about implementing her proposal. Marisol seems to have

a proactive personality

Dominic tells his boss that a member of his team, Brianna, is having trouble keeping up with her spreadsheet because women just aren't as good at math. This is an example of a

a stereotype

An entity that takes on different values during the research process is

a variable

surface-level diversity traits include

age

A recent Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) study reveals that ___________ indicate relative job satisfaction.

almost all respondents

an example of a deep-level diversity traits is

attitudes

Someone who prefers to learn by listening to others is likely someone who prefers

auditory learning

Individuals high in self-monitoring tend to

be more successful in their careers.

Individuals with an internal locus of control

believe that what happens to them is their own doing.

Among the limitations associated with using personality tests in employee selection is

candidates faking their answers.

People with which personality traits are most likely to exhibit citizenship behaviors?

conscientious and agreeable

Across a variety of occupations and jobs, what personality trait most uniformly predicts how high a person's performance will be?

conscientiousness

How a company manages your data and respects your privacy is a(n) ___________ decision.

ethical

Companies may systematically track employee work attitudes through

exit interviews

Empathy is to agreeableness as sociability is to

extraversion

Generally, people from Europe and the United States have higher levels of ___________ than those from Asia and Africa.

extraversion

Choosing a job that offers health care as part of its benefit package over a position that pays more but has no health care benefits might reflect the job seeker's concern about

family security

Predictive analytics is used in organizational behavior research to

focus on what is likely to happen

it is against the law for a company in the U.S. to

force employees to participate in a religious activity

A culture categorized by high uncertainty avoidance is

greece

Organizational behavior may be analyzed at different levels of analysis. Studying how a manager's personality affects departmental effectiveness is an example of which level of analysis?

group

A factor in whether employees are absent from work, even when they are unhappy at their job, is their level of

guilt

Companies in cultures high in uncertainty avoidance

have written employment contracts for employees

Brant is the quarterback of his college football team. The team was 10-0, but lost this week after what Brant says was a very bad call by the referee. You can't remember him ever complaining about referees, so you decide that this call is truly why the team lost. Your attribution was based on the fact that Brant displays

high consistency

Markus said, "If I just hadn't had that argument with my girlfriend last night, I wouldn't have been so upset and I would have done much better on my sales presentation today." Markus exhibits

high external locus of control

Camila sees herself as a good person and a good employee. She is confident about her capabilities and derives great satisfaction from doing her job well. Based on what we know, we can say that Camila has

high self-esteem

research reveals that ______________ is necessary to make diversity an advantage for organizations

inclusion

Organizational behavior is the study of

individuals and groups at work

Scraping personal data about employees from social media and using them in organizational decision making

introduces data privacy concerns

Amar took geometry in high school but did not use this knowledge for years. During an internship in college, he needed geometry to solve a problem and found that he remembered how to apply the various formulas. In this situation, Amar was relying on

long-term memory.

Markus keeps saying to his boss, "I'm really concerned that I won't be able to lead the project team. I just haven't done this before. Maybe you should ask someone else." Markus seems to have Correct!

low self-efficacy

Anna sees five of her coworkers going out to lunch together and is sure that they must hate her because no one asked her to go. What Anna forgot is that she usually isn't in the office on Tuesdays, so they didn't even realize she was there. Anna may have

low self-esteem

cultures that are comfortable in unpredictable situations and have high tolerance for ambiguity are best described as

low uncertainty avoidance cultures

cultures which are considered high in femininity tend to value what attributes in the workplace

maintaining good relationships

General mental ability is most important in which area of work?

management

Attitude surveys conducted by companies produce more useful information if

management is perceived as credible by employees

Negative affective people experience more

nervousness, anxiety

Marlene routinely volunteers to organize the company holiday party and summer picnic. Marlene demonstrates a high level of

organizational citizenship behaviors

an attitude is

our opinions, beliefs and feelings about our environment.

Role conflict, role ambiguity, organizational politics, and job insecurity are indicators of

stress at work

Researchers use meta-analysis to

summarize research findings from studies on related topics

demographic traits make up a part of

surface-level diversity

our first interaction with individuals makes us aware of

surface-level diversity

Research indicates that groups with faultlines exhibit what characteristic

teams with strong faultlines have the potential to perform well if they can establish certain norms

for researchers, hypotheses are

tentative guesses for expected observations that can be tested.

Research on relationships at work indicates

the development of a trust-based relationship with the manager is positively related to job attitudes

Organizational commitment refers to

the emotional attachment people have toward the company they work for

Research indicates that the most important determinant of ethical behavior in an organization is firing employees who endorse being unethical

the leadership commitment to ethical behavior.

Internal attribution attributes someone's behavior to

their specific characteristics

In analyzing the data, a researcher notes that as employee absences increase, scores on performance evaluations decrease. This suggests

there is a correlation between employee absenteeism and employee performance.

Employees with which personality trait are most likely to experience high job satisfaction?

those who are strong in agreeableness

Dale needs an unusually excellent report on a new engineering process for his firm and is surprised to find out the author is a young female engineer rather than one of the senior male engineer who normally writes reports. this is

unconscious bias

High power distance cultures tend to

view an unequal distribution of power as relatively acceptable.

Marshall was unhappy that he didn't get a raise, so he quit and found a better paying job. This illustrates the concept of

voluntary turnover

By using a combination of oral and visual modes in a workplace presentation, the audience

will more likely have their preferences met.

one explanation for the 15% earnings gap between men and women in the U.S. is that

women are underrepresented in high-paying occupations

research indicate that Millennials tend to value

work-life balance