OTA 125, Lippert chapter 1
Posterior
Behind, in back, or in the rear
Inferior
Below in relation to another structure; caudal
Caudal
Below in relation to another structure; inferior
Flexion
Bending movement of one bone on another, bringing two segments together, and causing an increase in joint angle (Usually this occurs between anterior surfaces of articulating bones, and surfaces move toward each other)
Deep
Beneth or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Pronation
In anatomical position, the palm is facing backward, or posteriorly (Palm down) (ex. a PRO basketball player dribbles ball with his palm down)
Supination
In anatomical position, the palm of the hand faces forward, or anteriorly (Palm up)
Elevation
In frontal plane. Lifting body part superiorly
Depression
In frontal plane. Moving body part inferiorly
Radial deviation
In the anatomical position, when the hand moves laterally or towards the thumbside.
Ulnar deviation refers to what?
In the anatomical positon, when the hand moves medially, or towards the little finger.
Horizontal Adduction
In the transverse plane. When the limb moves towards the midline
Horizontal Abduction
In the transverse plane. when the limb moves away from the midline
Retraction
In transverse plane. Moving body part backward
Protraction
In transverse plane. Moving body part forward
Inferior
Indicates that a body part is BELOW another or refers to the LOWER surface of an organ or structure
Another term for medial rotation is what?
Internal rotation
Can Horizontal abduction or adduction occur from the anatomical position?
No. They must be preceded by either shoulder flexion or shoulder abduction so that the arm is at shoulder level.
Linear motion
Occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. All parts of the object moves the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time
Lateral
On or to the side; outside, farther frm the median or midsagittal plane
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Anterior is synonymous with
Ventral
frontal or lateral plane
the lateral plane, bisects body laterally from side to side, dividing into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves.
Kinematics
the time, space, and mass aspects of moving systems
Kinetics
those forces causing movement
Extension
increases the angle between 2 bones
Hyperextension
increases the angle between 2 bones beyond the normal ROM
elevation
raising a part
Angular motion
All off the parts of an object move through the same angle, in the same direction, but they do not move the same distance (when a person flexes their knee, the foot travels farther through space than does that of the ankle)
Bilateral
Refers to two, or both sides
Dorsiflexion
Extension at the ankle joint
Prone
Face downward position of the body; stomach lying
Ventral
Relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of
Medial
Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane
Palmar
Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand
Median
Relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle, situated in the middle, mesial
Dorsal
Relating tot he back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface
Fundamental Position
Same as anatomical position except that the palms face side of the body
Fundamental position
Same as the anatomical position except that the palms face the sides of the body (neutral position, between pronation & supination)
Distal
Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point or origin
Proximal
Toward the trunk (locations on the extremities)
Proximal
Towards origin or tank
Superficial
Towards surface of body
Anterior (Ventral)
Towards the Front. [The eyes are anterior to the brain].
Lateral bending
Trunk moves sideways (The trunk can bend to the right or left)
Inversion
Turn sole of foot inward
Eversion
Turn sole of foot outward
Pronation
Turning the palm downward
Supination
Turning the palm upward
flexion
bending at a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
Curvilinear motion
If movement occurs in a curved path that isn't necessarily circular (path of a thrown ball)
opposition
movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand
radial deviation
movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side
ulnar deviation
movement of the wrist towards the ulnar or medial side
abduction
moving a body part away from the midline of the body
adduction
moving a body part toward the midline of the body
retraction
moving a part backward
protraction
moving a part forward
Superior
A body part is above another part, or is closer to the head
Inferior
A body part is below another body part, is toward the feet
Supine
A person is lying on their back (the face, or anterior surface, pointed upward)
Prone refers to what?
A person lying horizontal, with the face, or anterior surface, pointed downward.
Supine refers to what?
A person lying straight, with the face, or anterior surface, pointed upward.
Contralateral example
A person who has had a stroke affecting the right side of the brain may have paralysis of the left arm and left leg
examples of Frontal or lateral plane
Abduction and adduction movements such as jumping jacks (shoulder and hip) and spinal lateral flexion occur in this plane
Superior
Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic
Cephalic
Above in relation to another structure; superior
Bilateral example
Above-knee amputations refers to BOTH right and left legs being amputated above the knee
Lateral
Away from midline
Distal
Away from the origin or trunk
Distal
Away from the trunk
Distal
Away from the trunk (to describe locations on the extremities)
Anatomical Position
Body is standing straight, facing forward, upper limbs at side and palms facing forward. *right and left refer to "right" and "left" of the body in position.
Dorsiflexion
Bring the toes up toward the lower leg
Horizontal abduction and adduction
Cannot occur from the anatomical position. They must be preceded by either flexion or abduction of the shoulder joint so that the arm is at shoulder level
Thorax
Chest Made up of the ribs, sternum, and mostly thoracic vertebrae
Medial
Closer to midline
Arthrokinematics
Deals with the relationship of joint surface movement (e.g., humeral head's movement within the glenoid fossa of scapula)
Osteokinematics
Deals with the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis (e.g., humerus moving on scapula)
Frontal Plane (coronal)
Divides body into anterior and posterior sections. Motions (eg abduction/adduction) occurs around an anterior/posterior axis.
Coronal Plane
Divides body into front and back portions (Anterior-front, Posterior-back) (Ventral-front, Dorsal-back)
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into left and right portions -Mid-: equal right & Left halves -Para-: unequal division
Saggital Plane
Divides body into right and left sections. Motions (eg. flexion/extension) occur around a medial/lateral axis.
Transervse or horizontal Plane
Divides body into top and bottom portions (superior-head; inferior-feat)
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into upper and lower sections. Motion (eg medial/lateral rotation) occur around a vertical axis.
Posterior is synonymous with
Dorsal
What is extension of the wrist called?
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Flexion at the ankle joint
Synovial joints
Freely movable joints (this is where most motion occurs)
examples of the horizontal plane...
Generally rotational movements such as forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation occur n this plane.
Examples of extension
Head: when the head moves up away from the chest Thigh: when the thigh moves away from the trunk and returns to anatomical position
Anatomical position
Human body standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward
Deep
Inward from body surface; toward core
Hyperextension
It is the continuation of exstension beyond the anatomical position. The shoulder, hip, neck and trunk can hyperextend.
Dynamic Systems are divided into what two group?
Kinetics and Kinematics
When the trunk moves sideways, what is the proper term?
Lateral Bending
Superior
Location of a body part that is above another or refer to the upper surface of an organ or a structure
Lateral
Location or position farther from the midline
Medial
Location or position toward the midline (middle of the body, belly button)
Abdomen
Lower trunk Made up of the pelvis, stomach, and mostly lumbar vertebrae
Supine
Lying on the back; face upward position of the body
Examples of hyperextension
Neck: the neck extends all the way back to where the head is towards the back The shoulder, hip, neck, and trunk can be hyperextended
Biomechanics
Mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body
Protraction
Mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground and away from the midline (moving arms away from the body at shoulder level, like superman arms)
Retraction
Mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground but toward the midline (moving the arms at shoulder level back toward the body)
Circumduction is what?
Motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern.
Circumduction
Motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern. It involves a combination of four joint motions: (1) flexion, (2) abduction, (3) extension, (4) adduction
Linear motion
Motion that occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another
Opposition
Move thumb to touch tips of the fingers
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Angular motion refers to what?
Movement of an object around a fixed point.
Curvilinear motion refers to what?
Movement that occurs in a curved path that isn't necessarily circular.
Rectilinear motion
Movement that occurs in a straight line (child sledding down a hill)
Rectilinear motion refers to what?
Movement that occurs in a straight line. Ex) A child sledding down a hill
Adduction
Movement toward the midline
Adduction is what?
Movement towards the midline of the body
Adduction
Movements in the limbs only; limb moves toward the midline
Abduction
Movements in the limbs only; limbs move away from the midline
Inversion
Moving the sole of the foot INWARD (toward the body) at the ankle
Eversion
Moving the sole of the foot OUTWARD (away from the body) at the ankle
Inversion
Moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
Eversion
Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
Rotation
Movment of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis
Superficial
Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Proximal
Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
Examples of flexion
Neck: "bowing down" in which the head moves toward the anterior chest Elbow: the forearm and arm move toward each other (anterior surfaces) Knee: posterior surfaces of the thigh and leg move toward each other
Contralateral
Refers to the opposite side
What is flexion at the wrist called?
Palmar Flexion
Prone
Person is lying on their stomach (the face, or anterior surface, facing downward)
Contralateral
Pertaining or relating to the opposite side
Plantar flexion
Point toes downward
Example of plantar flexion
Pointing toes toward the ground
Example of dorsiflexion
Pulling your toes toward your ankle
Cranial
Refer to a position or structure close to the head
Cranial is used for what?
Refer to a position or structure close to the head
Caudal
Refer to a positon or structure closer to the feet
Adduction of the fingers
Reference point is middle finger Fingers moved TOWARD the middle finger (the middle finger only does this movement as a return movement from abduction to midline)
Adduction of the toes
Reference point is second toe Toes move TOWARD the second toe (the second toe only does this movement as a return movement from abduction to the midline)
Abduction of the toes
Reference point is the second toe Toes move AWAY from the second toe (the second toe moves to the right and left)
Arthrokinematic motion
Refers to a joint's surface motion in relation to the body segment's motion (Body segments are rarely used to describe joint motion --> the motion occurs at the shoulder (joint) and the body segment (arm) just goes along for the ride. Exception is the forearm --> forearm supination and pronation)
Caudal
Refers to a position or structure closer to the feet
Anterior (ventral)
Refers to a position to the front of the body or to a position closer to the front
Posterior (dorsal)
Refers to the back do the body or a position more toward the back
Internal Rotation
The anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline
External Rotation
The anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline
Hyperextension
The continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Superior is used to indicate what?
The location of a body part that is above another
Inferior is used to indicate what?
The location of a body part this is below another
Sagittal Plane... -Midsagittal plane - equal right and left halves -Parasaggital- unequal right and left halves
The plane which divides the body into a right and a left half is known as the saggital plane.
Abduction of the fingers
The reference point is the middle finger Fingers move AWAY from the middle finger (the middle finger moves to the right or left)
Arthrokinematics refers to what?
The relationship of joint surface movement. EX. Humeral head's movement within the glenoid fossa of scapula
Osteokinematics refers to what?
The relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis. EX. Humerus moving on the scapula
Ipsilateral
The same side of the body
Extension
The straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of a joint angle (This motion usually returns the body part to anatomical position after it has been flexed. The joint surfaces tend to move away from each other)
Extension
The straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of the joint angle.
Kinesilology
The study of movement
Kinesiology
The study of movement
Circumduction
There are four joint movements involved: Flexion, abduction, exstension, and adduction
Medial
This is referred to by location or position toward midline of body
Kinetics
Those forces causing movement
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward the back; opposite of Anterior
Proximal means
Toward the trunk
Horizontal abduction
When arm is at shoulder level, the shoulder moves BACKWARD (elbow moves posteriorly)
Horizontal adduction
When arm is at shoulder level, the shoulder moves FORWARD (elbow moves anteriorly)
Define medial rotation
When the anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline.
Define lateral rotation
When the anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline
Right Lateral Bending
When the right side of the trunk bends, moving the shoulder toward the right hip.
Ipsilateral example
When touching the left shoulder with the left hand
Radial deviation...
Wrist abduction In anatomical position, the hand moves LATERALLY (towards the thumb side)
Ulnar deviation...
Wrist adduction In the anatomical position, the hand moves MEDIALLY (towards the little finger side)
dorsiflexion
ankle movement bringing the foot toward the shin
plantarflexion
ankle movement pointing the foot downward
Flexion
decreases the angle between 2 bones
fundamental position
essentially the same as the other reference exposition except the arms are at the sides and the palms are facing the body
hyperextension
extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion
Anatomical position
feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward
Circumduction
limb moves in a circular path around the axis
depression
lowering a part
Plantar
relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
external rotation
rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline
internal rotation
rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
lateral flexion
side-bending left or right
extension
straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
horizontal plane, divides body into what?
superior (cephalic) and inferior (Caudal) halves.
circumduction
tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
rotation
turning on a single axis
pronation
turning the arm or foot downward
supination
turning the arm or foot upward
inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
External Rotation
when a bone turns on its axis away from the midline
Internal Rotation
when a bone turns on its axis toward the midline
