OTA 125, Lippert chapter 1

Posterior

Behind, in back, or in the rear

Inferior

Below in relation to another structure; caudal

Caudal

Below in relation to another structure; inferior

Flexion

Bending movement of one bone on another, bringing two segments together, and causing an increase in joint angle (Usually this occurs between anterior surfaces of articulating bones, and surfaces move toward each other)

Deep

Beneth or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

Pronation

In anatomical position, the palm is facing backward, or posteriorly (Palm down) (ex. a PRO basketball player dribbles ball with his palm down)

Supination

In anatomical position, the palm of the hand faces forward, or anteriorly (Palm up)

Elevation

In frontal plane. Lifting body part superiorly

Depression

In frontal plane. Moving body part inferiorly

Radial deviation

In the anatomical position, when the hand moves laterally or towards the thumbside.

Ulnar deviation refers to what?

In the anatomical positon, when the hand moves medially, or towards the little finger.

Horizontal Adduction

In the transverse plane. When the limb moves towards the midline

Horizontal Abduction

In the transverse plane. when the limb moves away from the midline

Retraction

In transverse plane. Moving body part backward

Protraction

In transverse plane. Moving body part forward

Inferior

Indicates that a body part is BELOW another or refers to the LOWER surface of an organ or structure

Another term for medial rotation is what?

Internal rotation

Can Horizontal abduction or adduction occur from the anatomical position?

No. They must be preceded by either shoulder flexion or shoulder abduction so that the arm is at shoulder level.

Linear motion

Occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. All parts of the object moves the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time

Lateral

On or to the side; outside, farther frm the median or midsagittal plane

Ipsilateral

On the same side

Anterior is synonymous with

Ventral

frontal or lateral plane

the lateral plane, bisects body laterally from side to side, dividing into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves.

Kinematics

the time, space, and mass aspects of moving systems

Kinetics

those forces causing movement

Extension

increases the angle between 2 bones

Hyperextension

increases the angle between 2 bones beyond the normal ROM

elevation

raising a part

Angular motion

All off the parts of an object move through the same angle, in the same direction, but they do not move the same distance (when a person flexes their knee, the foot travels farther through space than does that of the ankle)

Bilateral

Refers to two, or both sides

Dorsiflexion

Extension at the ankle joint

Prone

Face downward position of the body; stomach lying

Ventral

Relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of

Medial

Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane

Palmar

Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand

Median

Relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle, situated in the middle, mesial

Dorsal

Relating tot he back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface

Fundamental Position

Same as anatomical position except that the palms face side of the body

Fundamental position

Same as the anatomical position except that the palms face the sides of the body (neutral position, between pronation & supination)

Distal

Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point or origin

Proximal

Toward the trunk (locations on the extremities)

Proximal

Towards origin or tank

Superficial

Towards surface of body

Anterior (Ventral)

Towards the Front. [The eyes are anterior to the brain].

Lateral bending

Trunk moves sideways (The trunk can bend to the right or left)

Inversion

Turn sole of foot inward

Eversion

Turn sole of foot outward

Pronation

Turning the palm downward

Supination

Turning the palm upward

flexion

bending at a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones

Curvilinear motion

If movement occurs in a curved path that isn't necessarily circular (path of a thrown ball)

opposition

movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand

radial deviation

movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side

ulnar deviation

movement of the wrist towards the ulnar or medial side

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline of the body

adduction

moving a body part toward the midline of the body

retraction

moving a part backward

protraction

moving a part forward

Superior

A body part is above another part, or is closer to the head

Inferior

A body part is below another body part, is toward the feet

Supine

A person is lying on their back (the face, or anterior surface, pointed upward)

Prone refers to what?

A person lying horizontal, with the face, or anterior surface, pointed downward.

Supine refers to what?

A person lying straight, with the face, or anterior surface, pointed upward.

Contralateral example

A person who has had a stroke affecting the right side of the brain may have paralysis of the left arm and left leg

examples of Frontal or lateral plane

Abduction and adduction movements such as jumping jacks (shoulder and hip) and spinal lateral flexion occur in this plane

Superior

Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

Cephalic

Above in relation to another structure; superior

Bilateral example

Above-knee amputations refers to BOTH right and left legs being amputated above the knee

Lateral

Away from midline

Distal

Away from the origin or trunk

Distal

Away from the trunk

Distal

Away from the trunk (to describe locations on the extremities)

Anatomical Position

Body is standing straight, facing forward, upper limbs at side and palms facing forward. *right and left refer to "right" and "left" of the body in position.

Dorsiflexion

Bring the toes up toward the lower leg

Horizontal abduction and adduction

Cannot occur from the anatomical position. They must be preceded by either flexion or abduction of the shoulder joint so that the arm is at shoulder level

Thorax

Chest Made up of the ribs, sternum, and mostly thoracic vertebrae

Medial

Closer to midline

Arthrokinematics

Deals with the relationship of joint surface movement (e.g., humeral head's movement within the glenoid fossa of scapula)

Osteokinematics

Deals with the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis (e.g., humerus moving on scapula)

Frontal Plane (coronal)

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections. Motions (eg abduction/adduction) occurs around an anterior/posterior axis.

Coronal Plane

Divides body into front and back portions (Anterior-front, Posterior-back) (Ventral-front, Dorsal-back)

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right portions -Mid-: equal right & Left halves -Para-: unequal division

Saggital Plane

Divides body into right and left sections. Motions (eg. flexion/extension) occur around a medial/lateral axis.

Transervse or horizontal Plane

Divides body into top and bottom portions (superior-head; inferior-feat)

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into upper and lower sections. Motion (eg medial/lateral rotation) occur around a vertical axis.

Posterior is synonymous with

Dorsal

What is extension of the wrist called?

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Flexion at the ankle joint

Synovial joints

Freely movable joints (this is where most motion occurs)

examples of the horizontal plane...

Generally rotational movements such as forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation occur n this plane.

Examples of extension

Head: when the head moves up away from the chest Thigh: when the thigh moves away from the trunk and returns to anatomical position

Anatomical position

Human body standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward

Deep

Inward from body surface; toward core

Hyperextension

It is the continuation of exstension beyond the anatomical position. The shoulder, hip, neck and trunk can hyperextend.

Dynamic Systems are divided into what two group?

Kinetics and Kinematics

When the trunk moves sideways, what is the proper term?

Lateral Bending

Superior

Location of a body part that is above another or refer to the upper surface of an organ or a structure

Lateral

Location or position farther from the midline

Medial

Location or position toward the midline (middle of the body, belly button)

Abdomen

Lower trunk Made up of the pelvis, stomach, and mostly lumbar vertebrae

Supine

Lying on the back; face upward position of the body

Examples of hyperextension

Neck: the neck extends all the way back to where the head is towards the back The shoulder, hip, neck, and trunk can be hyperextended

Biomechanics

Mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body

Protraction

Mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground and away from the midline (moving arms away from the body at shoulder level, like superman arms)

Retraction

Mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground but toward the midline (moving the arms at shoulder level back toward the body)

Circumduction is what?

Motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern.

Circumduction

Motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern. It involves a combination of four joint motions: (1) flexion, (2) abduction, (3) extension, (4) adduction

Linear motion

Motion that occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another

Opposition

Move thumb to touch tips of the fingers

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Angular motion refers to what?

Movement of an object around a fixed point.

Curvilinear motion refers to what?

Movement that occurs in a curved path that isn't necessarily circular.

Rectilinear motion

Movement that occurs in a straight line (child sledding down a hill)

Rectilinear motion refers to what?

Movement that occurs in a straight line. Ex) A child sledding down a hill

Adduction

Movement toward the midline

Adduction is what?

Movement towards the midline of the body

Adduction

Movements in the limbs only; limb moves toward the midline

Abduction

Movements in the limbs only; limbs move away from the midline

Inversion

Moving the sole of the foot INWARD (toward the body) at the ankle

Eversion

Moving the sole of the foot OUTWARD (away from the body) at the ankle

Inversion

Moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

Eversion

Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

Rotation

Movment of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis

Superficial

Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

Proximal

Nearest the trunk or the point of origin

Examples of flexion

Neck: "bowing down" in which the head moves toward the anterior chest Elbow: the forearm and arm move toward each other (anterior surfaces) Knee: posterior surfaces of the thigh and leg move toward each other

Contralateral

Refers to the opposite side

What is flexion at the wrist called?

Palmar Flexion

Prone

Person is lying on their stomach (the face, or anterior surface, facing downward)

Contralateral

Pertaining or relating to the opposite side

Plantar flexion

Point toes downward

Example of plantar flexion

Pointing toes toward the ground

Example of dorsiflexion

Pulling your toes toward your ankle

Cranial

Refer to a position or structure close to the head

Cranial is used for what?

Refer to a position or structure close to the head

Caudal

Refer to a positon or structure closer to the feet

Adduction of the fingers

Reference point is middle finger Fingers moved TOWARD the middle finger (the middle finger only does this movement as a return movement from abduction to midline)

Adduction of the toes

Reference point is second toe Toes move TOWARD the second toe (the second toe only does this movement as a return movement from abduction to the midline)

Abduction of the toes

Reference point is the second toe Toes move AWAY from the second toe (the second toe moves to the right and left)

Arthrokinematic motion

Refers to a joint's surface motion in relation to the body segment's motion (Body segments are rarely used to describe joint motion --> the motion occurs at the shoulder (joint) and the body segment (arm) just goes along for the ride. Exception is the forearm --> forearm supination and pronation)

Caudal

Refers to a position or structure closer to the feet

Anterior (ventral)

Refers to a position to the front of the body or to a position closer to the front

Posterior (dorsal)

Refers to the back do the body or a position more toward the back

Internal Rotation

The anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline

External Rotation

The anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline

Hyperextension

The continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

Superior is used to indicate what?

The location of a body part that is above another

Inferior is used to indicate what?

The location of a body part this is below another

Sagittal Plane... -Midsagittal plane - equal right and left halves -Parasaggital- unequal right and left halves

The plane which divides the body into a right and a left half is known as the saggital plane.

Abduction of the fingers

The reference point is the middle finger Fingers move AWAY from the middle finger (the middle finger moves to the right or left)

Arthrokinematics refers to what?

The relationship of joint surface movement. EX. Humeral head's movement within the glenoid fossa of scapula

Osteokinematics refers to what?

The relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis. EX. Humerus moving on the scapula

Ipsilateral

The same side of the body

Extension

The straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of a joint angle (This motion usually returns the body part to anatomical position after it has been flexed. The joint surfaces tend to move away from each other)

Extension

The straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of the joint angle.

Kinesilology

The study of movement

Kinesiology

The study of movement

Circumduction

There are four joint movements involved: Flexion, abduction, exstension, and adduction

Medial

This is referred to by location or position toward midline of body

Kinetics

Those forces causing movement

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back; opposite of Anterior

Proximal means

Toward the trunk

Horizontal abduction

When arm is at shoulder level, the shoulder moves BACKWARD (elbow moves posteriorly)

Horizontal adduction

When arm is at shoulder level, the shoulder moves FORWARD (elbow moves anteriorly)

Define medial rotation

When the anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline.

Define lateral rotation

When the anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline

Right Lateral Bending

When the right side of the trunk bends, moving the shoulder toward the right hip.

Ipsilateral example

When touching the left shoulder with the left hand

Radial deviation...

Wrist abduction In anatomical position, the hand moves LATERALLY (towards the thumb side)

Ulnar deviation...

Wrist adduction In the anatomical position, the hand moves MEDIALLY (towards the little finger side)

dorsiflexion

ankle movement bringing the foot toward the shin

plantarflexion

ankle movement pointing the foot downward

Flexion

decreases the angle between 2 bones

fundamental position

essentially the same as the other reference exposition except the arms are at the sides and the palms are facing the body

hyperextension

extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion

Anatomical position

feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

Circumduction

limb moves in a circular path around the axis

depression

lowering a part

Plantar

relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

external rotation

rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

internal rotation

rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline

lateral flexion

side-bending left or right

extension

straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones

horizontal plane, divides body into what?

superior (cephalic) and inferior (Caudal) halves.

circumduction

tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder

rotation

turning on a single axis

pronation

turning the arm or foot downward

supination

turning the arm or foot upward

inversion

turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

External Rotation

when a bone turns on its axis away from the midline

Internal Rotation

when a bone turns on its axis toward the midline