Oxford ATPL - Human Performance P2

What error rate can be expected given reasonable training?

1 in 1,000

The sequence of the GAS is:

Alarm - Resistance - Exhaustion.

Anxiety affects: 1. judgement. 2. attention. 3. memory. 4. concentration.

All.

What is the normal illusion for a pilot undertaking an approach on an up-sloping runway?

The aircraft is too high.

What is the relationship between stress and performance when plotted on a graph?

The relationship is in the shape of an inverted U.

What characterises a self-centered cockpit?

Crew members tend to do their own jobs independently without keeping other informed.

Which of the following statements are correct with reference to automation?

Reduces pilot's attention since they can be out of the loop.

What is not a useful element of good feedback?

Specifically target each individual's failings.

What is the relationship between stress and fatigue?

Stress can be good, fatigue is always bad.

A proficient pilot can be described as:

one who is able to automate a large amount of the routine operations and, by so doing, frees up his/her cognitive resources.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Behaviour is the outward result of personality and attitude.

In communication which element shows that information has been received and understood?

Feedback.

During the cruise, the Captain of an aircraft starts to smoke a cigarette. The co-pilot is a non-smoker and asks him to stop. The Captain ignores his request saying "That's your problem". What should the co-pilot do about the situation.

He should stop discussion and return to the issue during the debrief at the end of the flight.

Which statement concerning long term memory is true? 1. Information is stored as Episodic and Semantic memory. 2. The period of time for which information is retained is limited by the frequency with which it is used. 3. It is never influenced by our expectations of what should have happened. 4. Pre-activation of necessary knowledge will allow reduction in access time.

1 & 2 are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding interpersonal interactions are correct? 1. If the sender believes that the receiver is competent, he/she tends to reduce the verbal redundancy of his/her sentence. 2. If the interlocutor is of non-native tongue, the sender, will use more difficult words so as to optimise understanding. 3. If the sender believes that the receiver does not understand, he/she will simplify the contents of the sentence. 4. By making checklists simpler, for crews that know each other, is the root cause of interpersonal conflict.

1 & 3 are correct.

Which, if any, of the following is/are true? 1. Psychosomatic refers to the inter-relationships of mind and body. 2. Psychosomatic refers to a psychological reaction to an outside stimulus causing physiological change/changes. 3. Psycholosmatic problems are not common among the pilot community due to the high standard of selection. 4. Psychosomatic problems can be cured by councelling.

1 and 2

Choose the correct statements with regards to communication: 1. If the transmitter considers the recipient competent, he/she cuts down the verbal redundancy of sentences. 2. If the transmitter considers the recipient incompetent, sentences tend to be simplified. 3. If the language used is a non-native language, the transmitter will emphasise points by using more complicated sentences to optimise understanding. 4. Crew who know each other will tend to simplify checklists when conflict takes place.

1 and 2 are correct.

To resolve a conflict you should: 1. actively listen. 2. talk on an emotional level. 3. be aware of prejudice. 4. the leader should not offer his/her thoughts at the start.

1 and 3 only.

What human error rate is considered to be the norm?

1 in 100.

According to the "General Adaptation Syndrome" which of the following statement/s is/are correct? 1. During the alarm phase, adrenaline will cause a large release of glucose into the blood, a raised heartbeat and blood pressure plus an increase in the rate and depth of breathing. 2. During the resistance phase, the parasympathetic system releases cortisol helping in the conversion of fat into sugar. 3. During the exhaustion phase, the body has to be given the time to eliminate the waste products which have been generated excessively.

1, 2 & 3 are correct.

Under wich of the following cicrumstances does stress occur? 1. When a pilot is unable to find a solution to a problem. 2. When a pilot must revise a plan and does not immediately find a solution. 3. When situational demand exceeds an individual's capabilities.

1, 2 and 3 are correct.

Which of the following statements are correct? 1. The first information determines how subsequent information will be evaluated. 2. If an individual has made up his/her mind, contradictory information may not receive the attention it needs. 3. With increasing stress, attention tends to become limited and the flow of information the central decision maker is reduced.

1, 2 and 3 are correct.

A pilot becomes skilled when he/she: 1. trains or practices regularly. 2. knows how to manage him/herself. 3. possesses all the knowledge associated with his/her aircraft. 4. knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected.

1, 2 and 4 are correct.

Which of the following represent a solution to conflict? 1. Seeking arbitration. 2. Active listening. 3. Moving the conversation onto an emotional level. 4. Awareness of cultural differences.

1, 2 and 4.

A latent error: 1. will show itself in time. 2. will not be foreseen by programmers. 3. lies dormant. 4. only becomes apparent under certain conditions. 5. will easily be recognised by operators.

1, 2, 3 & 4

Input for orientation is through: 1. eyes 2. utricles & saccules. 3. semi-circular canals. 4. seat-of-the-pants receptors.

1, 2, 3 & 4

When making a decision, the selection of the solution depends upon: 1. the objective to be achieved. 2. the personality of the decision-maker. 3. the associated risks. 4. both objective and subjective criteria.

1, 2, 3 & 4.

Which of the following are included in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? 1. Self-fulfillment through self-respect. 2. Self-esteem through self-respect. 3. Safety through avoidance of danger. 4. Achievement through group efforts. 5. Self-esteem through a job.

1, 3 & 5 only

What is the duration of short-term memory (working memory)?

10-20 seconds.

Environmental capture is: 1. obtaining environmental skills. 2. performing a skill in an environment commonly flown in, even if it is incorrect to do so. 3. the performance of a skill previously learnt in a different aircraft even if it is incorrect to do so. 4. the way behaviour changes in different social situations.

2 & 3 are correct.

Which of the following are performed better by Man than machine? 1. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon 2. Detection of unusual conditions such as smell or noise 3. Qualitative decision-making 4. Monitoring of systems.

2 and 3 only.

What characteristics are most frequently and least appropriately displayed by a co-pilot when under command of a highly autocratic Captain? 1. Self-assertion. 2. Scapegoat feeling. 3. Delayed reactions to observed discrepancies. 4. Disengagement.

2, 3 and 4 are correct.

Leadership qualities should include: 1. A dominant style. 2. Laisser Faire. 3. Technical competency. 4. Good communication.

3 & 4 only.

What will happen to the body when in situations of extreme heat? 1. Shivering. 2. Vascoconstriction of the exterior blood vessels. 3. Sweating. 4. Vascodilation of the exterior blood vessels.

3 and 4 only.

If you have an incorrect mental model, it is: 1. easy to change. 2. easy to comprehend. 3. easy to recognise. 4. resistant to correction.

4 only.

Human factors have been statistically proved to be causal factors in approximately:

70% of aircraft accidents.

Which of the following is correct?

70% of information processed by man enters the visual channel.

Which of the following alternatives is an example of "Negative Habit Transfer" or "Habit Reversion"?

A pilot who is very experienced on one type of aircraft in which the fuel control is selected forward for the ON position may select this control to the incorrect position when flying a new aircraft in which the ON position is selected to the rear.

Personality is based on: 1. heredity 2. childhood 3. upbringing 4. experience

All of the above.

What is the main purpose of pre-flight briefings?

They provide information about the flight, allocate responsibilities and prepare reactions to likely or problematic events.

What would be the priority aim in the design of man/machine interface in combating the occurrence of Human Error?

To systematically analyse the occurrences of errors to improve the future design of systems and erogonmics.

Between which stages will a hunan error be induced in the interface of a warning?

L - H

Between which components of the SHELL Concept would create a mismatch when reading a 3 point altimeter?

L and H.

Errors resulting from a bad indexing system in a checklist or manual are related to a mismatch between:

Liveware to Software.

The letters of the SHELL model stand for:

Liveware, environment, software, liveware, hardware.

Which of the following can you do simultaneously without mutually affecting the other?

Manually maintaining straight and level flight and solving a complex problem.

With regards to anticipation, which of the following be result in the occurrence of a hazardous situation?

Mishearing the contents of an air traffic controller's non-standard clearance when a standard procedure was anticipated.

Which of the following can be said to be true?

Motivation can lead to trying to attain an unrealistic goal which will cause stress and which will lead to a reduction in performance.

Which of the following statements are correct? 1. Psychosomatic stress causes physiological symptoms to have psychological effects. 2. Psychosomatic stress hardly affects aviation because of good crewselection procedures.

Neither

What is the illusion when an aircraft is flying in fog, snow or haze?

Objects appear to be further away than they actually are.

When problem-solving, what determines the transition from rule-based activities to knowledge-based activities?

Unsuitability of known rules for the problem posed.

What constitutes effective communications?

Using commonly understood context, language and metacommunications.

When do we change from Rule Based Behaviour to Knowledge Based Behaviour?

When rules do not apply.

Performance can be increased by:

a moderate amount of stress.

Attitude is:

a person's response to a situation, person or object.

With reference to decision-making, it is:

a systematic and analytical process.

Mental rehearsal is useful for:

all pilots.

The alerting system for an important system failure should be:

an audio warning.

Cognitive illusions are caused by:

an erroneous mental model resulting from a misinpretation of sensory inputs.

Motor programmes:

are behavioral sub-routines.

With regard to automation of behaviour (when performing a skill or in a motor programme) and the attention mechanism.

as behaviour becomes more automated, less attention is required and more resources become available.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's) in the cockpit must:

be shared by the members of the crew and modified/updated so as to maintain as much synergy as possible.

Stressors are:

both external and internal factors.

The introduction of automation and improvements in glass cockpit designs:

can sometimes be detrimental to performance as some systems provide poor quality feedback to pilots.

Metacommunications:

compliment verbal communications.

Very high ambition and drive for success can lead to:

conflict in the cockpit.

Regression can be caused by stress and can lead to:

correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past.

A person that is exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive:

distress.

If a pilot is under stress, which is impossible to overcome, the pilot is said to be in a state of:

distress.

During the pre-flight brief the aircraft commander should:

emphasise areas requiring good crew co-ordination.

Which of the following elements of communication is most likely to lead misunderstanding?

expectation (what you expect to hear).

On an approach at night in rain onto a runway with approach lighting it is not unusual for the approach to appear.

faster than it actually is.

A pilot is accustomed to a runway with a width of 27m and lands on an unfamiliar runway with a width of 42m. The pilot will tend to:

fly too high an approach and overshoot.

Checklists are most important when:

flying an aircraft with which you are not familiar and when under stress.

Age:

generally, has little effect on a pilot's performance since it is compensated for by experience.

Pilots should:

have a good command of the English language.

Attitude is:

how a person responds to another person, situation or organisation either positevely or negatively.

Murphy's Law states that:

if a system can be operated incorrectly, sooner or later it will be.

Overlearning:

improves the chance of recall and makes the performance of a task more resistant to stress and is an important concept of aviation training.

Flying by the "seat of one's pants":

is not reliable and does not indicate spatial orientation.

And individual's perception of stress:

is the subjective evaluation of a situation and the perceived ability to cope with it.

One of the negative aspects of automation is:

it can lead to complacency of the aircrew.

Which of these statements is true?

it has been accepted that human error will always be made but can be decreased by training and technology.

To cure autokinesis:

look for other references inside and outside the cockpit and use peripheral visiion

With respect to Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1943) he expounded that:

motives lower in the hierarchy are aroused first and must be satisfied first.

When staring at an isolated night, the light may appear to:

move

Illusions that pilots experience in conditions of fog, snow or mist are that:

objects appear further away than they really are.

Mental models are based upon:

past experiences and sensory information received.

Mental models of the world are based on:

past experiences and sensory information.

The Gestalt Theory relates to:

perception and organisation.

The illusion that the aircraft is taxiing too fast can be caused by:

rain and headwind.

The learning process can be facilitated by:

reinforcing successful endeavours.

What should you do if disorientated at night?

rely on your instruments.

An efficient flight deck crew is one which:

respects each other's decisions and views.

Motor programmes save resources and therefore attention. However, they may result in:

routine errors.

If the sensory threshold is increased:

sensitivity is reduced.

Flying a co-ordinated turn, most of the activity employed is:

skill based behaviour.

Errors in the judgment of height on an approach are more likely over:

snow

When faced with a problem, a pilot should:

take as much time as he/she needs within the available time to make up his/her time to make up his/her mind.

Stress management strategies normally involve:

the prevention and the removal of stress.

Ergonomics describes:

the study of man in his working environment.

Confirmation Bias of the decision-making process is:

to ignore information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poor.

Once a mental model is constructed, there is a tendency to give:

undue weight to information that confirms the model.

The term 'complacency' means:

unjustified self-confidence resulting in careless negligence.

Co-action is a form of co-operation that involves:

working in parallel towards a common goal