PAD 4833 Final Exam

Modern Risk Transfer

- Can be private or government administered - Primarily consist of insurance and reinsurance - Direct risk sharing more commonly found in developing countries - Informal agreements within social / familial groups E.g., food sharing

Life Sustaining and EM functions

1) Assessment 2) Treating the Hazard 3) Provision of Water, Food, and Shelter 4) Public Health 5) Sanitation 6) Safety and Security 7) Critical Infrastructure Resumption 7) Emergency Social Services 8) Donations Management

What are the obstacles to mitigation?

1) Cost 2) Low Levels of political support 3) Sociocultural issues 4) Lack of Risk Perception

effects of disasters on society

1) Society disrupted in many ways 2) Media focus is on physical manifestations 3) Overall quality of life also affected / socio-cultural mechanisms may break down 4) During disasters, damaging effects spread across a wide geographical range, affecting: - People - Structures - Industries - Interconnected societal components 5) Secondary effects must be considered

Response

Decision and action aimed at limiting injuries, loss of life, and damage to property and the environment from a specific, defined hazard

Main Principles for national Platforms for disaster risk reduction

Disaster risk reduction is a country-specific long-term process that is not only an essential part of each country's development process but also an essential condition to ensure the sustainability of socio-economic development. Its effectiveness relies heavily on strongly supported national ownership and leadership of the DRR process. (UN Guidelines for DRR)

Catastrophic insurance problems

Only those people who are likely to suffer the specific loss defined in the policy are likely to purchase that type of policy, creating the need for much higher premiums than if the specific hazard policy were spread across a more general population. This phenomenon is called ADVERSE SELECTION

Public Health Response Tasks

Rapid Assessment of Health Disease Prevention Disease Surveillance Outbreak Control Disease Management

Mitigation Goals and Outcomes: Goals Classify the Outcome

Risk Likelihood Reduction Risk Consequences Reduction Risk Avoidance Risk Acceptance Risk Transfer, Sharing, or Spreading

Life Saving Function: Search and rescue First Aid Medical Treatment Evacuation

Search and Rescue (SAR) 1) SAR Actions: - Locating victims - Extracting (rescuing) victims - Providing initial medical first-aid treatment 2) The majority of search and rescue is performed in the initial minutes and hours of a disaster by untrained, average citizens, who include victims' friends, family members, and neighbors

Damage assessments help planners identify buildings damaged and destroyed, as well as the spatial extent of the hazard consequences

T

Recovery

The process by which individuals and communities are rebuilt, reconstructed, repaired, and returned to a functional condition (Often express as 'return to normal')

Mitigation Success Story slide #19 watch video

USAID - Mitigation Drought and Cyclone Effects in Mozambique http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/mozambique/template/files/102109_mozambique_success_story.pdf

Water Provision is

Used for: 1) Hydration 2) Hygiene 3) Food preparation Met by: - Transporting to victims (in mass storage devices or bottles) - Tapping unexploited water sources within the community - Providing access to a functioning but restricted water source within the community - Pumping water into the community - Providing filters or other treatments - Moving the population to another location where water is available

Structural Mitigation

risk reduction effort performed through the construction or altering of the physical environment through the application of engineered solutions (Coppola, p. 178) Examples include: - Building codes and regulatory measures - Relocation - Structural modification - Construction of community shelters - Barrier, deflection, or retention systems

Civil-Military Role in disaster

"Coordination between civilian and military actors is essential during an emergency response. The increasing number and scale of humanitarian emergencies, in both natural disaster and conflict settings, has led to more situations where military forces and civilian relief agencies are operating in the same environment." -John Holmes, Emergency Relief Coordinator and United Nations Under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs

Terrorism

- A centuries-old hazard - Recently dedication to addressing terrorism, in terms of spending and cooperation, has increased substantially - This new direction for emergency management may serve to increase vulnerability elsewhere - A third element has been introduced to risk management - risk perception - Statistics related to terrorism risk do not support disproportionate funding and efforts

UNDP/ Recovery Unit

- Begins operations when response has ended, but recovery has not fully commenced - Transition Recovery Programme works to restore the nation's capacities - Sustainable risk reduction central to this mission - Offer technical assistance that might not be locally available - Transition Recovery Team for special needs - Leads UN inter-agency working groups

Sanitation: Primary Sanitation issues

- Collection and disposal of human waste. - Wastewater - Garbage (trash) - Dust - Vector control (bugs, rodents, etc.)

DESA (United NAtions Department of Economic and Social Affairs

- Compiles, generates, and analyzes economic, social, and environmental data - Facilitates the negotiations of Member States on emerging global challenges - Advises national governments on translating UN-developed policy frameworks into country-level programs and helps build national capacities.

Risk Transfer Also Called Risk Sharing and Risk Spreading

- Debated as a mitigation measure - Allows for the financial disaster consequences that do occur to be shared by a large group of people, rather than a large financial burden falling only on the affected individuals or communities

Coordination

- Disaster response increasingly complex - Hundreds of response agencies converge - Despite coordination, agencies tend to work alone - Civil/military cooperation has always been difficult - UNOCHA effective because of close relationships, but still lacks sufficient authority Coordination: Reduces the lag time before relief arrives Increases the area covered by assistance efforts Decreases costs associated with the provision of supplies and assistance Standardizes the quality of relief that is provided

Political Will

- Disasters are political events - Disasters either glorify or destroy politicians - Spectacular nature demands involvement and tests leadership merit - Emergency management falls low on policy agendas in the absence of disasters - Difficult for poor nations' leaders to choose mitigation for disasters - UNISDR - increased political commitment to emergency management a principal objectives

Compound Emergencies

- Disasters do not occur in a vacuum - It is common for two or more disasters to occur in succession or concurrently - Many planning efforts approach hazards as if they occur in the absence of all other hazards - Compound emergencies stretch capacities - By considering multi-hazard disasters, affected governments and responding international relief agencies can better address all future disasters regardless of their complexity

UNOCHA components/efforts

- Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) - Inter-Agency Standing Committee - Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs - OCHA Donor Relations Section - Coordination and Response Division - OCHA Emergency Services Branch - Field Coordination Support Section - Civil Military Coordination Section - Environmental Emergencies Section - Preparedness and mitigation efforts - Information tools and services

United Nations Background UN

- Established in 1945 - Representatives from 51 countries established the UN Charter in the aftermath of World War II - Today, 192 countries are members of the UN - UN not a government body, nor does it write laws - Member States can use the UN to resolve conflict and create international policy - UN cannot force sovereign nations to comply with its decisions, but its global stature and collaborative nature give weight to its resolutions - Through its components / programs, the UN has established a presence in most countries

Corruption

- Exists to a varying degree in all countries' governments, businesses, and populations - Corruption leads to disaster vulnerability - Following disasters, existing corruption remains - Inflows of cash and supplies present opportunities for those predisposed to corrupt behavior - International NGOs and governmental agencies have inadvertently contributed to corruption by not fully understanding its roots - Corruption not only undermines the work of response and recovery agencies, but it causes unnecessary suffering for victims

UN Disaster Management Team

- Formed in large-scale disasters - Forum for discussing how other agencies will work to support the lead UN agency - Primary purpose = ensure that in the event of a disaster, the UN is able to mobilize and carry out a prompt, effective, and concerted response - Coordinates all disaster related activities, technical advice and material assistance provided by UN agencies, as well as taking steps to avoid wasteful duplication or competition for resources - Interfaces with the receiving government national emergency management team

Risk Sharing Pools

- Group members share risk internally - Often used by government agencies to cover public sector risk - Can work by allowing individual members to benefit from group buying power - Risk insured is specific to the needs of the pool - Can include other services, such as technical assistance or advice

FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization)

- Helps to establish worldwide food security - Emergency Coordination Group coordinates emergency and disaster reduction issues - FAO works to help countries adopt sustainable agricultural and other land-use practices, which increasing disaster resilience - In disasters, the Emergency Operations and Rehabilitation Division of FAO helps communities recover - Provides assistance to restore local food production and reduce dependency on food aid

Private Sector Participants

- Hospitals (privately-owned) - Private-practice physicians, nurses, and other medical practitioners - Ambulance companies - Private search and rescue teams Veterinarians - Private hazardous materials teams - Poison control centers - Private utilities' emergency response units - Private funeral businesses - News media outlets

Common NGO Traits

- Independence and neutrality are valued - Organizational structures are decentralized - Committed to their cause - Highly practice oriented

NGO Coordination Examples

- Local / national government EOC - Formal NGO self-coordination mechanisms - NGO field coordination meetings - Conference calls and teleconferences - Designated coordination websites - UN-established coordination mechanism / Clusters - Civil-Military Operations Center CMOC - Humanitarian Information Center HIC - On-Site Operations Coordination Center OSOCC - Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Center HACC - Humanitarian Operations Center (HOC) - Civil/Military Coordination Center (CMCC) - Civil/Military Information Center (CIMIC)

Global Disasters

- Many of history's most devastating disasters have been pandemics - three in the 20th century alone - Public health facilities / capacities in wealthier countries have come a long way - The interconnectedness of nations may lead to increased vulnerabilities despite advancements - The poor countries still lack even a basic infrastructure to contain such a hazard - How can sovereign nations apply quarantines and other disease control mechanisms? - Global information management and sharing efforts have just begun

Regional Organization

- Many regions have joined together to pool their collective resources and services - These organizations address issues of regional and global importance, many of which focus on or peripherally address disaster management - In disasters, within and outside of their regions of concern, these large organizations bring to the field many financial, technical, and other resources Examples North Atlantic Treaty Organization European Union European Commission Humanitarian Aid Organization of American States Southern African Development Community Coordination Center for Natural Disaster Prevention in Central America Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency

What are the limitation to insurance?

- May be impossible to purchase in the highest-risk areas - Participation is often voluntary - Participation has been known to encourage more irresponsible actions - Many companies are pulling out of specific disaster insurance plans because the probability that they will not be able to cover catastrophic losses is too great - Catastrophic losses that cover a wide but specific geographic space within a country may result in inequitable premium increases if coverage areas are too general

Standards of Conduct

- NGOs accountable only to themselves and donors - No obligation to coordinate with other responders - Subject only to the laws of the affected country - In early years, operations were small-scale - Today, NGO role is greatly expanded - Recognizing the need for self-discipline and organization, several NGOs set out to create codes of conduct and standards of service to regulate and guide their actions in humanitarian response - The Code of Conduct - The Sphere Project

Other Personnel Sources

- National and international nongovernmental agencies that assist in development and recovery - Military forces, both local and from other countries - Private contractors from around the country and the world

The Media

- News media capitalizes on the spectacular - Media has found increased access with technology - The world receives real-time disaster information - Disaster management and the news media - a love/hate relationship - Effective media partnerships and education equals significant benefits for disaster management 1) Problems do exist with media practices - Accuracy - Donor Fatigue - Pressure for hasty decisions

Disaster profoundly impact:

- People - Built Structures - The environment 1) Even with the best mitigation, preparedness, and response, there will almost always be some level of damage that must be addressed

Funding Sources

- Philanthropic giving from private citizens (Cash or In-Kind) - Corporate ongoing on one-time support (Cash or In-Kind) - Religious Organizations - Civic Organizations - Government Contracts - Government Grants - International Organization Contracts - International Organization Grants

Reinsurance Companies

- Reinsurance companies insure insurance companies - Tend to be internationally based - Spread risk across greater geographical ranges

Military Services typically requested

- Security Services / Guidance on Local Security - Landmine Locations - Medical Assistance / Military hospitals - Convoy Support /Transportation - Technical Assistance - Access to Remote Areas, Ports, and Airfields - Air Traffic Control - Logistics Assistance / Aid Distribution

WFP (World Food Programme)

- Tasked with addressing hunger- related emergencies - Has provided more than 60 million metric tons of food to countries worldwide - Focuses on reducing the impact of natural hazards on food security, especially for the vulnerable - Addresses hunger crises - Monitors food security - In rapid-onset events, WFP responds to the immediate nutritional needs of the victims - Provides food during rehabilitation - Administers the International Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR)

UN components

- The General Assembly - The Security Council - The Economic and Social Council - The Trusteeship Council - The International Court of Justice - The Secretariat - The UN System

Hazard recognition Shortfalls

- The scope of the unfolding event is underestimated in light of early impacts - The hazard's initial effects are unrecognizable or undetectable - The hazard's initial effects are kept hidden from response officials - Disruptions of, inefficiencies in, or a lack of communications infrastructure prevents the affected from reporting an emergency in progress - Response officials are fully engaged in response to another hazard and are unable to receive information about a new, secondary hazard

Life saving function First Aid Medical Treatment

- Victims may outnumber responding technicians - Supplies may be short or depleted - Transportation of victims may be delayed, obstructed, or simply impossible - There may be no adequate facilities available to bring victims for longer-term care

Recovery Components

1) A tremendous supply of resources is required - Each category of recovery resources is dependent on other categories - A short supply of one resource impacts the others 2) The recovery function has become: - More practiced - More systematic - More effective at rebuilding lives 3) Recovery goals are not always possible

UNICEF

1) Addresses the needs of poor, vulnerable groups 2) Preparedness and mitigation among its target groups is a priority 3) Works to increase public hazard awareness 4) In disasters, ensures children have access to education, healthcare, safety 5) UNICEF Office of Emergency Programmes coordinates emergency management activities

Recovery: Public Assistance

1) All recovery falling within the public domain - Government structures, systems, and services - Debris clearance - Environmental cleanup / restoration 2) Reconstruction of government infrastructure operational capacity are vital to establishing a setting where recovery is possible 3) A return to governmental operations signals to victims that recovery assistance, safety, and security will each be provided - In cases of CHE, this may be impossible 4) Environmental recovery must not be neglected

Consolidated Appeals Process

1) Allows humanitarian aid organizations to plan, implement, and monitor their activities 2) Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP) The CAP is initiated in three types of situations: - When there is an acute humanitarian need - Government unable or unwilling to address the need - A single agency cannot cover all the needs 3) Consolidated Appeal = fundraising document 4) Approximately 80% of CAP and Flash Appeal funding comes from a small group of wealthy nations 5) Flash Appeal: First 3-6 months of an emergency

The Private Sector Role

1) Businesses' ability to prepare for / recover from disasters helps define community resilience 2) Businesses represent jobs, community income, vitality, and identity 3) Economic and social recovery depends on business vulnerability 4) Business Continuity Planning (BCP) practiced 5) Infrastructure control often in the hands of business 6) Businesses are the source of vital goods people depend on (e.g., food, gasoline, banking, construction supplies) 7) Businesses may play active disaster management role

Insurance Problems

1) Catastrophic Disaster 2) Hazards for which information is scarce 3) Disasters that cover wide geographic area

Individual, Family and Social Recovery

1) Community recovery closely tied to the physical and mental health of the individuals, families, and social groups that constitute it 2) The need for this type of recovery grows incrementally with the number of injured and killed - This is an acute need in the case of a CHE 3) All disaster victims face some emotional distress / anxiety - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Physical disabilities

Institutional Capacity Development

1) Countries differ significantly in regards to their institutional disaster management capacities 2) UNISDR: Institutional capacity building is central to risk reduction efforts 3) Many nations have developed necessary frameworks in recent years - But they have done little to institutionalize emergency management at all government levels - The mechanisms supported by those emergency management frameworks are rarely given adequate staff or funding 4) Most nations have a long way to go

The World Bank

1) Created in 1944 to rebuild Europe during WWII 2) Today, WB regarded as one of the largest sources of development assistance - In 2009, WB provided more than $58.8 billion in loans 3) Consists of: - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - International Development Association - International Finance Corporation - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency - International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes 4) WB is now advocating for greater mitigation 5) Emergency Recovery Loans granted after disasters

CERF (Central Emergency Response Fund)

1) Created in 1991 to allow for faster operational action by UN agencies 2) Administered on behalf of the UN Secretary General by the ERC 3) Provides agencies with a constant source of funding to cover their activities 4) Purpose: shorten the amount of time between the recognition of needs and the disbursement of funding

Catastrophe Bonds

1) Disaster-based investment mechanism 2) Investors 'bet' that a disaster will not occur 3) Disassociated with standard financial markets 4) Require a trigger

Cultural Recovery

1) Disasters may destroy cultural heritage - Historic buildings and other structures, art, items of clothing, and landmarks 2) Cultural loss may result in identity loss 3) Cultural needs, customs or preferences may not be met 4) Cultural recovery must come from within the community - outside assistance may facilitate 5) Return to normal dress / food may be difficult 6) External recovery officials must recognize, respect, and even celebrate local cultural

Economic Recovery

1) Disasters place pressure on the local, national, and in the largest disasters, international economy 2) Economies sustained by a unique set of drivers 3) Communities grow around on the success of their industries, and citizens acquire skills and training tailored to these industries 4) Economic recovery must begin with the recovery of these local economic drivers 5) Revitalizing the local economy must be a priority for recovery planners 6) Unemployment common following disasters 7) Many businesses will ultimately fail

General Assembly Role

1) Does not partake in any operational disaster management activities 2) Responsible for launching disaster management programs carried out by the various UN offices and member state governments - Examples: - Endorsement of the UNDP Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI) - Launching of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) 3) Responsible for organizing and reorganizing the UN System such that its disaster management capabilities are maximized

Early Warning

1) Early warning systems are expensive, complex, and require active maintenance 2) Traditionally, a luxury for the wealthiest nations 3) 2004/2009 tsunamis highlighted disparity in early warning capacities 4) Must include public education, accurate risk perception, a communications system, and an emergency management system to coordinate 5) Wealthy nations may share technology, but this will not solve the puzzle - At-risk nations must fill the gaps 6) Early warning a primary Hyogo topic

Three types of hazard effects

1) Effects that are over before any response activities may be initiated to treat them 2) Effects that persist, but for which no response actions exist that can limit or eliminate them 3) Effects that persist that may be limited or eliminated completely through existing response actions

International Monetary fund

1) Established in 1946 to: - Promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements - Foster economic growth and high levels of employment - Provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment 2) Provides loans, monitoring, technical assistance 3) In the event of a disaster, IMF Emergency Assistance Specific Facility provides assistance - Funding directed toward local recovery efforts and any needed economic adjustments

Coordination

1) Extremely difficult to achieve, but vital to successful accomplishment of goals and 2) Most recovery actions taken at the local level 3) Regional or national coordination mechanisms are required to recovery from large-scale events 4) Recovery effectiveness driven by wide stakeholder representation 5) Recovery plans should address demographic / socio-cultural needs and community preferences 6) External coordination may be necessary in poor countries - UN normally assumes the role

Public Health

1) Facilities that normally manage health issues may be full, overtaxed, damaged, or nonexistent 2) Measures: - Crude Mortality Rate - Morbidity Rates - Prevalence - Incidence - Attack rate

Fatality Management:

1) Factors that contribute to human mortality in disasters: - Direct injuries from the hazard - Indirect injuries resulting from the aftereffects of the hazard event - Unrelated accidents and natural causes of death 2) Actions: - Search and recovery of corpses - Transportation of the bodies to a centralized facility - Examination and identification of the body - Final disposal of the body

The housing Sector

1) Housing damage differs according to composition, location, elevation, and proximity to the hazard, among other factors 2) 1st priority of government is to supply inspectors - Likely that there are not be enough local inspectors 3) Cost of housing repair and reconstruction often the responsibility of homeowners 4) Many victims lack financial resources to rebuild, and need outside assistance 5) Housing reconstruction most successful when it is performed by or with input from recipients 6) Risk reduction measures must be applied

Types of Recovery

1) In disaster aftermath, many societal components have sustained injury, damage, or some other negative consequence 2) The range of needed activities is as varied as if one were building the community from scratch 3)Specific categories of assistance that are common after almost all forms of disaster: - Public Assistance - Housing - Economic Recovery - Individual, Family, and Social Recovery

Recovery Overview

1) In recovery, countries, communities, families, and individuals repair, reconstruct, or regain what has been lost as result of a disaster, and, ideally, reduce the risk of similar catastrophe in the future 2) Recovery may begin in the planning process 3) Once implemented, recovery actions may extend for weeks, months, or even years 4) Of the EM functions: - Recovery actions are the most diverse - The range of individuals, organizations, and groups involved is the greatest 5) Recovery generates the greatest amount of interest and attention from the world community

Recovery vs Development

1) In some cases, the poor condition of national infrastructure / society causes vulnerability 2) Post-disaster recovery efforts rebuild structures and infrastructure to allow communities to function 3) Recovery organizations must decide what standards recovery will strive for 4) tTo rebuild poor nation to previous condition not a wise investment in recovery funding - development occurs as a result of recovery

Critical Infrastructure Resumption

1) Infrastructure = basic facilities, services, and installations required for the functioning of a community or a society 2) Critical infrastructure - vital to disaster response and the safety and security of the public 3) Examples of Critical Infrastructure: - Transportation systems (land, sea, and air) - Communications - Electricity - Gas and oil storage and transportation - Water supply systems - Emergency services - Public health

Education

1) Infrastructure often damaged or destroyed in a disaster - Schools / educational materials damaged or destroyed - Teachers injured, killed, displaced, or unavailable - Students relocated far from schools 2) Schools help ensure that children remain safe 3) School is an effective way to teach prevention, preparedness, and / or response skills 4) Schools free up parents to participate in recovery 5) Children regain a sense of normalcy through school 6) Government must ensure temporary facilities, educators, and materials (short-term), and rebuild permanent facilities (long-term)

Recovery Funding Options

1) Insurance (not common in developing countries) 2) Government-Based Emergency Relief Funds - Reserve Funds 3) Donations - Other governments, Multilateral organizations, NGO, Business and Private Citizens 4) Loans 5) CAT Bonds (spread risk) and Weather Derivatives (protect against adverse climate effects) 6) Private Development Funding 7) Incentives 8) Tax Increases

Other UN Agencies Involved in Disaster Response

1) International Labour Organization 2) International Organization for Migration International Telecommunications Union World Meteorological Organization Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS UN Population Fund UN Human Settlement Program UN Environmental Program UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UN Development Fund for Women UN Institute for Training and Research

True

1) International disaster management has become increasingly diverse in scope 2) Hazard vulnerability, disaster risk, and the management of humanitarian emergencies have risen to the top of the global policy agenda 3) 21st century disasters have shattered assumptions that any nation has solved the disaster risk problem 4) All nations, rich and poor, have much to learn about preparing and mitigating for, responding to, and recovering from the many forms of disasters

State sovereignty

1) International law dictates international assistance - Nations retain their sovereignty even in the event of disasters or CHEs - Affected governments must invite international response agencies to participate 2) Most countries do not hesitate to ask for help 3) Situations arise where assistance is rejected - 'Saving face' - Oppressive governments / closed borders - A history of political rancor between nations - Violent conflict

More mitigation Prevention Examples

1) Land Use Restrictions - Limiting development - Setting buildings back from flood, landslide and fault hazard zones 2) Removal and relocation - Acquisition of at risk properties/town and relocation to safer location 3) Retrofit or other constructed method - Retrofitting existing buildings, e.g., roof tie downs, storm shutters, elevation, etc. - Protective devices or measures, e.g., safe buildings/rooms, barricades for security risks 4) Code modification and application - Upgrading building codes 5) Economic or other incentives - Insurance rate reductions

NGO- Military Cooperation

1) Militaries and NGOs recognized as the most significant operational response participants 2) Conceptually / idealistically different from each other, thereby presenting a formidable coordination challenge. - Organizational structures - Operations - Length of commitment 3) Traditionally, NGOs resisted direct cooperation - Fear of compromising core values - Fear that the military will take over humanitarian operations - Prejudiced against working with the military 4) Many NGO today recognize the valuable resources and services only the military can offer, and vice-versa

Who are the NGO's

1) Mostly non-profit, civilian-based and staffed organizations that depend on outside sources of funding and materials to carry out a humanitarian based mission and associated goals 2) Individually, they perform unique tasks, while collectively they address all facets of pre-disaster development and post-disaster response / recovery 3) The majority development / disaster management NGOs are small in size - but may be very large 4) Two common characteristics: - Their members generally have a common background - They have a defined mission that guides their actions

Life Saving Function Evacuation

1) Moves populations away from the hazard 2) Decisions cannot be taken lightly 3) Requires established statutory authority and evacuation capacity 4) Most effective when limited just to the risk area 5) Must be sanctioned and facilitated 6) Must have a place for those evacuated to go

Food Provision

1) Must suit the affected population 2) Distribution - Wet - Dry 3) Concerns: - Nutritional assessments - Cleanliness - Points of distribution - Storage - Vermin - Others

NGOs (Non governmental organizations)

1) NGOs are organizations independent of the government whose primary missions are not commercial in nature, but rather focus on social, cultural, environmental, educational, and other types of issues 2) NGOs often work in development, on either the local or international levels 3) There are hundreds of thousands of NGOs 4) The number of NGOs focusing on international humanitarian relief and development has grown exponentially

Operations: funding

1) NGOs must either conduct fundraising campaigns or apply for competitive grants 2) Each NGO is unique in how it garners support 3) Most NGOs must quickly raise funds for response or recovery activities 4) Wide recognition of the plight of the affected countries is key to NGO fundraising success 5) Media expansion has helped, but NGOs must still campaign to raise awareness 6) Funding may come from donations or from grants and contracts

Guiding mitigation Principles:

1) New or modified policies regarding hazard mitigation/prevention and post-disaster redevelopment 2) More stringent building codes and enforcement 3) Changes in land development and zoning requirements 4) Economic incentives for mitigation implementation 5) Mandated removal or retrofitting of property in hazard zones 6) Required mitigation of local government's facilities and functions 7) Use of environmental protection to obtain mitigation benefits

NGO classifications

1) Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) 2) Private Voluntary Organization (PVO) 3) International Organization (IO) 4) Donor Agency 5)Coordinating Organization

OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)

1) OCHA's mandate is to ensure that the relief provided is effective, not to provide effective relief 2) Role: Coordinates assistance provided by the UN system in emergencies that exceed the capacity and mandate of any individual agency 3) Categorized under three main groupings: - Coordinate the international humanitarian response - Provide support and policy development - Advocate humanitarian issues 4) When a disaster is identified, OCHA activates a response and generates a situation report, and if necessary, deploys an UNDAC team

Moving the Whole Community

1) On a number of occasions, the only viable option for reducing future disaster risk was to relocate the entire community out of the high-risk zone - Chernobyl, Ukraine (nuclear accident - 1986) - Valdez, Alaska, USA (earthquake - 1967) - Gediz, Turkey (earthquake - 1970) - Dagara, India (earthquake - 2001) - Kiruna, Sweden (ground cracks from ore mining - 2007 - ongoing) 2) This measure may be appealing following catastrophic disasters 3) Moving an entire community is very difficult and very complicated

Linking Risk Reduction and Development

1) Only those countries able to reduce vulnerability will ever achieve sustainable development 2) Disasters continue to reverse development progress by years or even decades 3) Disasters leave countries facing monumental debt 4) Development organizations' responsibility - ensure projects reflect an increase in resilience 5) Donors must insist that projects accommodate disaster risk reduction, and include monitoring 6) Accurate disaster-specific information is key

Recovery as Opportunity

1) Opportunities - Increasing community resilience to future disasters - Economic revitalization / Urban improvement - Rezoning - Modernization 2) Opportunity to create a better, more resilient, and more successful community - an opportunity that would rarely exist otherwise 3) Existing mitigation plans can guide this effort 4) Emergency management may grow 5) Leaders enjoy greater success with legislation that help the community increase resilience

Donor Fatigue

1) Philanthropy drives international emergency management 2) Donors give more generously each year 3) The growing number / size of disasters worldwide causing examination of giving levels 4) Concurrent disasters = difficulty for donors 5) More spectacular events receive priority - Psychic numbing can occur in large-scale events 6) Response and recovery funding for certain disasters is not meeting needs 7) Donors and recipients must reassess how disaster funding is collected for and disbursed to disasters

Safety and Security:

1) Police/fire officials affected by disaster and may be victims 2) Police/fire officials overtaxed 3) Common disaster security concerns: - Looting - Assaults on victims - Assaults on response and recovery officials - Security within shelters and resettlement camps - Rapes - Robberies - Domestic violence

Probability Mitigation Implemented

1) Political support 2) Public support 3) Support from business sector 4) Support from nongovernmental sector 5) Cost 6) Long-term vs short-term benefits

planning

1) Pre-disaster recovery planning is logical, relatively easy to perform, and costs very little - Most communities do little pre-disaster recovery planning 2) Post-disaster planning is done in an environment that is comparably less favorable to success 3) Construction or action affecting sustainability must wait until after the planning process - Moratorium may be needed 4) Public/businesses exert considerable pressure to rebuild as quickly as possible

Response Phases

1) Pre-hazard 2) The emergency phase: hazard effects ongoing 3) the emergency phase: hazard effects have ceased

Response Actions: Relative to the disaster, response actions may be taken:

1) Prior to 2) During 3) Immediately following - Response begins as soon as it becomes apparent that a hazard event in imminent, and last until the emergency is declared to be over

UNHCR (High Commissioner for Refugees)

1) Promotes international refugee agreements and monitors government compliance with international refugee law 2) Programs begin primarily in response to an actual or an impending humanitarian emergency 3) Provides protection to refugees and displaced persons, and minimize the threat of violence 4) Helps victims repatriate to their homeland, integrate in countries of asylum, or resettle elsewhere 5) Anticipates and prevents huge population movements 6) Offers legal protection and material help to victims 7) Ensures basic needs are met 8) Emergency Preparedness and Response Section

Shelter

1) Protects from - Natural Elements - Insecurity - Damage to psychological well-being 2) Immediate Shelter 3) Long Term shelter

International Financial Institutions

1) Provide loans for development and financial cooperation throughout the world 2) Ensure international financial and market stability 3) Global or regional basis for members 5) Disaster management role: Increased or additional emergency loans for reconstruction and rehabilitation

Emergency Social Services

1) Psychological stresses of: - Victims - Responders 2) Common names: - Disaster Counseling - Psychosocial Services - Disaster mental health

Triage:

1) Ranks victims according to the seriousness of their injuries, ensuring that the highest priority cases are transported to medical facilities before less serious ones 2) Two systems (Primarily) - START - Advanced Triage

Pre-Disaster Recovery Actions

1) Recovery actions performed in time-constrained environment are characterized by confusion 2) To be performed well, recovery and response require special skills, equipment, resources, and personnel 3) Emergency planning rarely includes recovery - PEPPER - Pre-disaster planning (Pre-Event Planning for Post-Event Recovery) - Many recovery processes are common to all disaster types - tRecovery based upon planning is more organized, and more likely to result in risk reduction

Information

1) Recovery demands the availability of accurate and timely assessment information - Assessments help identify strategies to employ available resources and set action priorities 2) In response, assessments are conducted to guide the needed response activities - Information from these assessments is fully transferable for use in the recovery phase - This information will likely be insufficient 3) Damage assessments help planners identify buildings damaged and destroyed, as well as the spatial extent of the hazard consequences 4) Information updates are a must

Two distinct types of recovery: Short Term and Long Term

1) Recovery length is determined by - Conditions and consequences surrounding the disaster - Capabilities of the affected government's - Capabilities and resources of the participating agencies Short term phase immediately follows the events - Seeks to stabilize live, often called relief Long term phase begins after emergency has ended - May last for years, community may need to be reinvented

Personnel

1) Recovery personnel needs are excessive: - Cleanup, assessment, planning, repair, development 2) May involve unskilled or untrained laborers and volunteers, technical experts, contractors, urban planners, logisticians, equipment operators, others 3) Most important labor source is the affected region: - Have the most vested interest in outcomes - Are most in tune with the community's character - Likely to be in need of immediate employment - More likely to commit to long term efforts - Less likely to suffer from "burn-out" - Recovery funding more likely to remain in community

Primary Goal of NGOs in Disasters

1) Reduce or minimize the incidence of disease and disability, while stabilizing public health conditions 2) Assist in the reconstruction and repair of infrastructure that has been damaged or destroyed 3) Protect displaced populations, and provide for their safe return once the emergency has passed

Impact of Mitigation Options: Impact on community Risk Reduction

1) Reduced number of deaths and injuries 2) Reduced property damage 3) Reduced economic loss

Search and Rescue Tasks: All Team Types

1) Search collapsed buildings for victims, and rescue them 2) Locate and rescue victims buried in earth, snow, and other debris 3) Rescue victims from swiftly moving or high water 4) Locate and rescue victims from damaged or collapsed mines 5) Locate and rescue victims lost in wilderness areas 6) Provide emergency medical care to trapped victims 7) Provide dogs trained to locate victims by sound or smell 8) Assess and control gas, electric service, and hazardous materials 9) Evaluate and stabilize damaged structures

Assessment Types

1) Situation Assessment 2) Needs Assessment Reports 1) Flash reports 2) initial assessment report 3) Interim Report 4) Specialist/technical report 5) Final report

STAPLEE Method of Assessing Mitigation Options

1) Social - socially acceptable 2) Technical - technically feasible 3) Administrative -community's capabilities for implementing options 4) Political - politically feasible, e.g., low risk to politicians 5) Legal - authority for implementation in place 6) Economic - cost effective 7) Environmental - effect on natural environment ......all offer both opportunities and constraints

UN Regional Commissions

1) The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) 2) The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) 3) The Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) 4) The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) 5) The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

Resisting the Urge to Return to the previous normal

1) The greatest recovery obstacle for managers 2) Urge grows quickly in long-term recovery 3) Victims want to end their inconvenience 4) Public outcry will be echoed, and even amplified, by the news media 5) Pressure will build on the shoulders of politicians 6) Many feel the recovery is simple - replace what was destroyed - 'lighting never strikes twice' 7) Rebuilding to pre-disaster specs retains any pre-existing vulnerabilities exposed by the disaster

What are the two Factors of Insurability?

1) The hazard in question must be identifiable and quantifiable 2) Insurers must be able to set premiums for "each potential customer or class of customers"

Ensuring Equity in Recovery

1) The poor: - Bear a greater brunt of the disaster consequences - Face greater difficulty recovering than the wealthy 2) Disaster managers must ensure that distribution of disaster recovery assistance is fair 3) Community opportunities must be evenly spread 4) Inequity in recovery goods and services is not limited to wealth - Cultural beliefs and practices - Racism - Caste systems - Bigotry 5) Vulnerable group awareness is key

Equality in Humanitarian Assistance And Relief Distribution

1) There exist common inequalities / inconsistencies in the provision of humanitarian assistance by donors and relief and recovery personnel 2) Inequalities follow patterns seen in development Some regions, nations, and populations receive less assistance than others in the aftermath of disasters 3) At the victim level, existing bigotries influence the distribution of assistance, favor certain groups 4) Vulnerable populations become more vulnerable 5) Response agencies continuously developing systems to counteract discrimination

What do the NGO's do?

1) They possess broad information-gathering abilities that may be used for damage/needs assessment 2) They have focused skills (e.g., medical abilities, nutritional needs fulfillment) 3) Allow for a greater capability to reach a larger population in less time 4) Command significant financial resources 5) Governments and multilateral organizations are increasing dependence on the NGOs for the execution of actual humanitarian work

UN in disaster management

1) UN is the organization most involved in the mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery of disasters around the world 2) Best equipped because of its strong relationships 3) Helps nations reduce vulnerability by increasing the capacity of their institutions and their citizens 4) When a disaster occurs, the UN responds immediately and on an ongoing basis with relief aid such as food, water, shelter, medical assistance, and logistical support, among other needs

UNDP (UN Development Programme)

1) UNDP recognized for its mitigation and preparedness capabilities 2) UNDP holds disaster management central to its development mission 3) 1995 - Emergency Response Division created 4) 1997 - OCHA mitigation and preparedness responsibilities formally transferred to the UNDP 5) Disaster Reduction and Recovery Programme 6) Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery 7) Disaster Reduction Unit

The role of Academia

1) Universities and independent research institutions have played an integral role in advancing emergency management as a profession 2) Reduction of hazard risks through a deeper understanding of the threats hazards pose and the actions that may be taken to mitigate them 3) Fostered greater institutional knowledge transfer thereby improving emergency management practices and applications 4) Helping to create a Culture of Disaster Prevention

Weather Derivatives

1) Uses investment instruments to mitigate risk 2) Used heavily by agricultural/energy sectors 3) Used to cover losses associated with cancelled affected events

The main principles for the DRR are Disaster Risk Reduction is a national responsibility and a cross-cutting issue within sustainable development processes

1) Utilize a participatory process to facilitate various sectors engagement, with their diverse perspectives and actions, and build on existing systems and mechanisms 2) Should influence positive changes through concerted and coordinated efforts particularly in policies, planning, administration and decision-making processes 3) Should encourage national and local implementation, adaptation and ownership of the HFA 4) Ensure the sustainability of socio-economic development

Advantages of insurance

1) Victims are guaranteed a secure and predictable amount of compensation for their losses 2) Insurance allows for losses to be distributed in an equitable fashion, protecting many for only a fraction of the cost each would have incurred individually if exposed to hazards 3) Insurance can actually reduce hazard impact by encouraging policyholders to adopt certain required mitigation measures

Operations: Coordination

1) Vital to every emergency situation involving NGOs 2) Response / relief organizations working in concert provide a greater sum benefit than they could ever possibly offer working on their own 3) NGO community resisted widespread coordination - Fear of external control - Territorial nature - Desire to avoid bureaucracy 4) NGOs are under no obligation to work together 5) NGOs benefit from each other's expertise, equipment, information, access, and skills 6) Several coordination mechanisms available

Pre- Disaster Response Processes

1) Warning and evacuation 2) Pre-positioning or resources and supplies 3) Last-minute mitigation and preparedness measures

Assessment: Tell Responders

1) What is happening 2) Where it is happening 3) What is needed 4) What is required to address those needs 5) What resources are available

Risk Transfer Roots Practice of Bottomry

1) When the master of a ship borrows money upon the bottom of it, so as to forfeit the shit itself to the creditor, if the money is not paid at the time appointment with interest at the ship's safe return 2) Cost of shipping losses shared among participants.... all vessel in a fleet

Money and Supplies

1) Without ample funding, little can be accomplished 2) Many recovery resources / services must be purchased 3) Financial investment in community reconstruction is necessary to meet recovery goals 4) Responsibility for recovery costs must be divided between various community sectors - Government - The private sector - NGOs - Individuals 5) Resource organization drives the pace of recovery

Donations Management

1) Without an effective mechanism to accept, catalogue, inventory, store, and distribute those donations, however, their presence can actually create what is commonly called "the second disaster." 2) Cash is best 3) Goods: - Address the actual needs of the affected population - Be appropriate for the cultural setting into which they are donated - Be in good condition - Be able to clear customs

WHO (World Health Organization)

1) World authority on sanitation and health 2) Develops medical and healthcare capabilities, and assist in the suppression of epidemics 3) Supports research for the eradication of disease 4) Assists governments and NGOs with health-related disaster mitigation and preparedness issues 5) Health Action in Crisis (HAC) department was designed to "reduce avoidable loss of life, burden of disease and disability in crises" 6) In the event of a disaster, WHO monitors diseases, and provides technical assistance

International Financial institutions

1) are international banks composed of sovereign member states, which use public money from the member states to provide technical and financial support for developing countries

Response Characteristics: Response is typically performed

1) during periods of very high stress 2) in a highly-time constrained environment 3) With Limited and imperfect information

NGO areas of effort

Agriculture Animal rescue and care Clothing Community development Coordination of NGO action Cultural preservation Disarmament Disaster mitigation, preparedness, and education Early Childhood / Adult Education Emergency response Food provision and nutrition Health education Housing repair / reconstruction Human rights Immediate shelter / mass care Microfinance Peace building / Conflict resolution Protection of the environment Vulnerable groups Psychological counseling Refugee and IDP care Safe water provision Sanitation Short- and long-term medical assistance Victim security and safety

Sarno Italy Case Example

As a result, 3 months later (August, 1998), Italian government passed new landslide and flood risk assessment and mitigation - Landslide Risk-Assessment and Reduction Act - code mitigation measure - Requires regional governments to identify and map areas where landslide risk is most severe, and to take action to reduce economic damage and societal risk. (Lee and Jones, 2004) (In Sarno, government built concrete "mud channels" to divert future mud slides from mountain away from inhabited buildings - constructed mitigation/prevention measure_

Sarno, Italy Case example

Description of Disaster Event.... Location: the southern and southeastern sides of Mount Sarno and Pizzo Alvano (elevation 1,133 meters), in the Campania region of Southern Italy Time: 4:30 p.m. on Tuesday, May 5, 1998 After two continuous days of rain, mountain sides began to disintegrate under the pressure of the accumulated water By midnight the initial rivulets of dirty water had grown into a 20-foot wave of mud that roared down the slopes of the mountain and buried under its force a considerable portion of five towns with a total population of approximately 71,000 The darkness of night did not allow people to understand what was happening: hundreds were buried in the mud. Some escaped to the upper floors of their homes, only to be buried under the debris of their buildings when they too collapsed. Hundreds of automobiles were washed away like toys 137 dead and 18 people unaccounted for Damages from the disaster nearly 1,000 billion lire (over $500 million)

Mitigation Prevention

Mitigation or Prevention are those things that aid in reducing, eliminating, redirecting, or avoiding the effects or impact of a given hazard - Note that Mitigation is often called PREVENTION in International circles. - Mitigation / Prevention = Disaster Risk Reduction Risk is the likelihood of an event occurring mutltiplied by consequence of that event Likelihood could be a probability like a number between 0-10 and by frequency like the number of times aneven t will occur over a specific period of time using this formula hazard can be compared to eachother and ranked according to severity. this allowsdi saster managers to analyze and even rank. What is referred to as risk evaluation which helps us determine the realtive seriousness of risk

Other IFI's

The Asian Development Bank The Inter-American Development Bank African Development Bank Bank for International Settlements Black Sea Trade and Development Bank Caribbean Development Bank Council of Europe Development Bank Development Bank of Southern Africa European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Islamic Development Bank North American Development Bank

Insurance and Insurance consideration

a promise of compensation for specific potential future losses in exchange for periodic payment - Can be mandatory or optional - In 2008, over $4.2 trillion in premiums (17% increase over 2006) - US represents 26% of the insurance market Common types of insurance Automobile insurance Homeowners / Renters insurance Health insurance Disability insurance Life insurance Flood insurance Earthquake insurance Terrorism insurance Business interruption insurance

Organizations

are composed of the central governments of sovereign nations - May be regionally based, organized around a common issue or function, or globally based - Recognized as having an established legal status under international law

Nonstructural Mitigation

measure that reduces risk through modification in human behavior or natural processes without requiring the use of engineered structures" (Coppola, p. 178) Examples include: - Regulatory measures, e.g., land use, density control - Community awareness and education programs, e.g., risk awareness, risk reduction behavior, etc. - (Public Education can be for both preparedness and mitigation) - Nonstructural physical modifications, e.g., securing furniture, latching cupboards, removing possible projectiles from yard, etc. - Environmental control, reforestation, cloud seeding, hillside control - Behavioral modification, e.g., rationing, tax incentives, conservation