PANS OPS (Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Aircraft Operations)

What is MOCA?

Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude - Minimum obstacle clearance for a defined segment 0 - 3000 ft = 1000 ft 3000 - 5000 ft = 1500 ft 5000+ ft = 2000 ft

Engine failure obstacle clearance?

- Atleast 35ft vertical clearance - 50ft per NM (ex 3nm 150 + 35) - 90m + 0.125 * D horizontal clearance - Full width (Obstacle Accountability area) * 300m Straight out VMC * 600m Turning VMC Climbout / Just IMC straight out * 900m Turning VMC and IMC climbouts - Net takeoff path * Gross - 0.8% margin (for 2 engines*)

What is a straight in approach + more info?

- NPA max offset 30* 1400m before centerline, you have to be within 150m of extended centerline - ILS max offset 5*

Omni-directional Departure

- Used for airports with low traffic - Aircraft without naivaids required - Turn assumed at 120m (600m from runway start)

Describe circling for cat A and B

Cat A: 1,68 nm radius from threshold 90m (300') obstacle clearance Max 100kt 25˚ bank or 1 rate, whichever is less Cat B: 2,66 nm 90m Max 135 kt 25kt omni wind

What if you lose visuals during circling?

Climb into runway Max circling speed Enter missed approach procedure

How are MEA, MOCA, MAA and MORA portrayed in Jep?

MEA - Number below airway (with G if GPS mea) MORA - Number in grid showing off route alt MOCA - Number with T attached MAA - States MAA

What is MAA?

Maximum Authorized Altitude

What is MEA?

Minimum Enroute Altitude - Lowest altitude where you have A. NAV coverage B. Comms coverage C. MOC D. Conformity with procedures

What is MOC?

Minimum Obstacle Clearance - 1000ft Non Mountainous - 2000ft Mountainous Areas

What is MSA?

Minimum Sector Altitude - MOC of at least 1000ft - 25nm radius around fix - 5nm buffer between sectors

What is MORA?

Minimum Off Route Altitude - two types of MORA, Grid and Route Grid MORA - Defined by the Lat and Long lines on the chart. -Government charts - provide 1000 feet of obstacle clearance in non-mountainous terrain and 2000 feet of obstacle clearance in mountainous terrain. -Jeppesen charts - provides terrain and man-made structure clearance of 1000 feet in areas where the highest elevations are 5000 feet msl and below. provides terrain and man-made structure clearance of 2000 feet in areas where the highest elevation is above 5000 feet msl. Route MORA - Defined by a distance of 10nm either side of an airway and a 10nm cap on both ends. Jeppessen Charts Only - Provides 1000 feet of obstacle clearance when operating at 5000 feet or lower msl . Provides 2000 feet of obstacle clearance when operating above 5000 feet msl

What is the max IF intercept angle?

NPA - 120* PA - 90* DR - 45*

What is required to descent from MDA when circling?

visual contact with airport Visual contact with landing threshold Keeping moc

What is V2?

Take off safety speed - best one-engine inoperative angle of climb speed for the airplane and is a minimum speed for flight in that condition until at least from 35 ft - 400 ft above the ground.

What is TAA?

Terminal Arrival Altitude - MOC of atleast 1000ft - 25nm radius around IAF - 5nm buffer between sectors

What is Protected Area?

Protected Area - Horizontal protection - Primary and Secondary area - Differs with NAV Aids - VOR = 1nm at station, 7.8 degrees splay - NDB = 1.25nm at station, 10.3 degrees splay - Non-Track = 15 degree splay - Inaccuracies arise from; airborne equipment, ground equipment, flight technical tolerance and monitor tolerance

Whats the formula for omnidirectional wind? + MAP and Circling?

- 47 + 2 * ALT - MAP = 30 - Circling = 25 - Racetrack = 60

What is Fix Tolerance?

- Position uncertainty - Depends on navaid used - Max 2nm at IAF - Max 1nm at FAF

What is max base turn intercept?

60* (30* each side of entry)

What is an IAP (Instrument Approach Procedure)?

A series of pre-determained manouvers according to flight instruments with protection from obstacles, from IAF to MAP

What are the five approach segments?

ARRIVAL SEGMENT: * En-route to IAF * MOC of enrute part until 25nm from IAF then 300m INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT: * IAF to IF * MOC 300m * Positioning and Descent INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT: * IF to FAF * MOC 150m * Configuration, Alignment and final Descent FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT: * FAF to MAPt * MOC 75m * Final Alignment and Landing MISSED APPROACH SEGMENT: * MAPt to Safe altitude where new approach, holding or enroute can start * MOC 30m - 50m * 15 sec config time * 3 sec reaction time

Cat A speeds? + Based on

Vat = <91 Initial App V = 90 - 150 Final App V = 70 - 100 Circling = 100 MAP Initial = 100 MAP Final = 110 1.23 * reference stall speed 1.3 * stall speed landing config w/ max landing mass

What do the volumes consist of?

Vol 1. Flight Procedures Vol 2. Construction of flight procedures Vol 3. Aircraft operating Procedures

Describe holding MOC

1000' over non mountainous 2000' over mountain 5nm buffer area on holding side decreasing to 200' MOC in increments

What is the max IAF intercept angle?

110*

Local low pressure altimetry

500' per 10 kt over 30 kt blowing over mountain side (up to 2000' added)

What is the difference between direct entry and reversal/racetrack? (IAS)

DIRECT ENTRY - No need to fly over NAVAID to then turn outbound before final REVERSAL PROCEDURES / RACETRACK -

What are the MAP segments?

INITIAL MISSED APPROACH SEGMENT - MAPt to SOC - MOC 30m - 3 sec reaction time 15 sec config time - 2.5% climb assumed - No turns - Max 100kt INTERMEDIATE MISSED APPROACH SEGMENT - SOC to 50 MOC - MOC 30m - 15* track change allowed - Max 100kt FINAL MISSED APPROACH SEGMENT - 50 MOC to safe altitude where I. New approach can start II. Holding can start III. Enroute segment can start - Max 110kt - Turns are allowed (Omni wind is 30kt for turns)

Explain SID

Turning SID: - More than 15* track change - Horizontal protection is 150 m either side of DER splaying 15* If track guidance is used, primary and secondary protected areas are in use Protected area in turning SID: - 30kt omni wind - Fix tolearnce - 3 sec reaction time - 3 sec bank establisment time - average bank angle of 15* - speed Vertical Protection: - PDG 3.3% - MOC 0.8% (assumed 16ft DER)

Describe protected area en-route

Turns are protected: - 10 sec reaction time - 5 sec bank establisment time - omniwind 47 + 2 * alt NDB: - 5 nm primary, 5 nm secondary VOR: _ 4 nm primary, 4 nm secondary