path exam 4 prepU
Which substance helps maintain a smooth surface in joint cartilage? Synovial fluid Uric acid Surfactants Cytokines
Synovial fluid
There are many cells that make up the passive and adaptive immune systems. Which cells are responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immunity? Select all that apply. T lymphocytes Dendritic cells Phagocytes B lymphocytes Natural killer cells
T lymphocytes B lymphocytes
Blood-borne cancerous cells have recently spread from a woman's primary pancreas tumor to her bones. Which components of the woman's immune system are likely to be directly involved in the attempt to eradicate the potential metastasis? Select all that apply. Macrophages Natural killer (NK) cells T lymphocytes B lymphocyte cells Mast cells
T lymphocytes Macrophages Natural killer (NK) cells B lymphocyte cells
Which statement explains how T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes differ? T lymphocytes are helpers that assist B lymphocytes to amplify the lysis of antigens. T lymphocytes secrete antibodies; B lymphocytes provide cellular response to antigens. T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow. T lymphocytes recognize bacteria; B lymphocytes recognize viruses and cancer.
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.
The nurse knows that the cells primarily programmed to remove the invading organisms and remember the antigen to respond rapidly during the next exposure are: CD4 and CD8 cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells and macrophages. T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. White blood cells and platelets.
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
A client diagnosed with liver cancer has been admitted to a palliative care unit for bone metastases. His family shares with the nurse that he is usually a "big eater," but now he just isn't interested in food, which has resulted in muscle loss. Which factors may underlie the client's change in nutritional status? Changes in peptide hormone levels The action of cytokines and persistent inflammation Loss of appetite due to fatigue and pain Production of onconeural antigens by cancerous cells
The action of cytokines and persistent inflammation
The nurse asks the client to hold her left wrist in complete flexion for approximately 1 minute. The client states she feels tingling and numbness when she does this, pointing to the medial nerve. What does the nurse anticipate the client will be prepared for after this assessment? The client will be prepared for immediate injection with a corticosteroid preparation. The client does not require further intervention since the findings are within normal limits. The client will be prepared for immediate surgery for a carpal tunnel release. The client will be prepared for further diagnostic tests such as an electromyogram (EMG).
The client will be prepared for further diagnostic tests such as an electromyogram (EMG).
Which client will the nurse determine is a candidate for continuous antiviral suppressive therapy for genital herpes? The client who has had a particularly painful outbreak The client who has just had a first outbreak The client with more than six outbreaks this year The client who wants to prevent contracting genital herpes
The client with more than six outbreaks this year
A nurse is providing education to a client newly diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Which statement reflects accurate information about the course of the disease? The client can expect prolonged isolation due to contagious viral nature of disorder. The disorder may present with rapid life-threatening symptoms or may present as a slow insidious process. Most clients do not sustain residual dysfunction from the disorder. It is an acute disorder that usually resolves after treatment with antibiotics.
The disorder may present with rapid life-threatening symptoms or may present as a slow insidious process.
The type of hypersensitivity reaction that is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues is also known as which type of hypersensitivity reaction? Type III Type IV Type II Type I
Type II
The nurse working at a community clinic is caring for a young male client. The client asks the nurse if he could get AIDS from being sprayed in the face with breast milk. Select the best response by the nurse. "Breast milk can contain HIV. You should be tested immediately." "Breast milk is not a mode of AIDS transmission." "Tell me more about your fear of AIDS." "Breast milk can contain the virus that causes AIDS, but to be infected, the milk needs to be in contact with your mucous membranes or an open sore."
"Breast milk can contain the virus that causes AIDS, but to be infected, the milk needs to be in contact with your mucous membranes or an open sore."
A client recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) tells the nurse she is glad there is nothing "really wrong with her" besides some joint swelling. Which information should the nurse tell the client about RA? "The disease can be reversed with medication and exercise." "Joint involvement is typically the only manifestation of the disease in most clients." "Myocardial infarction develops in clients who have had the disease for an extended period." "Extra-articular manifestations may include anemia and deformities of the affected joints."
"Extra-articular manifestations may include anemia and deformities of the affected joints."
A client has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). What will the nurse tell the client about this disorder's etiology? "Genetic predisposition is very likely." "Exposure to workplace chemicals is a causative agent." "Environment is the biggest contributing factor to the development of RA." "The disease is most common in those under 30."
"Genetic predisposition is very likely."
A client was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The nurse realizes that the client needs further teaching about the disease process based on which statement? "HIV only infects B cells." "HIV is a retrovirus." "After infection the HIV virus can exist in a latent state." "The infection requires a host cell."
"HIV only infects B cells."
A student states, "It seems like helper T cells do a lot more than just 'help' the cellular immunity process". Which response listed below best conveys an aspect of the role of CD4+helper T cells in immunity? "Without helper T cells, no antigens would be presented." "Without helper T cells, the wrong antibodies would end up being produced." "Helper T cells play a major role in stimulating and regulating the whole process." "Helper T cells are key to the hematopoiesis that produces all the components of the immune system."
"Helper T cells play a major role in stimulating and regulating the whole process."
A 64-year-old man was diagnosed 19 months ago with bilateral osteoarthritis (OA) in his knees, and has come to his family physician for a checkup. The client and his physician are discussing the effects of his health problem and the measures that the man has taken to accommodate and treat his OA in his daily routines. Which statement by the client would necessitate further teaching? "I've been doing muscle strengthening exercises twice a week at the community center near my house." "I'm really trying to lose weight and I've been able to lose 15 pounds this year so far." "I've been avoiding painkillers because I know they can mask damage that I might be inflicting on my knees." "Even though I don't like it, I've been using my walker to take some of the weight off my knees."
"I've been avoiding painkillers because I know they can mask damage that I might be inflicting on my knees."
Following a progressive onset of fatigue, aching, and joint stiffness over the last two years, a 69-year-old male has recently been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Which teaching point should his primary care physician include during the office visit in which this diagnosis is communicated to the client? "It's important that you maximize your level of activity, since decreasing your mobility will worsen the disease." "Steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs that I'll prescribe will likely bring some relief to your symptoms." "The symptoms you've been experiencing are the result of damage inside your joints, but I'll start you on medications that will reverse this damage." "The best treatment plan is to try all other available treatments before resorting to using medications."
"Steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs that I'll prescribe will likely bring some relief to your symptoms."
A young woman has contracted the human papillomavirus (HPV) and has developed genital warts. The client is eager to receive an HPV vaccine, citing the large number of television advertisements she has seen. How should the nurse best respond? "Unfortunately, these vaccines may be less effective once you have HPV." "These will only be effective if you already received an injection in your teens." "That treatment is something you'll have to discuss with your doctor." "Your doctor will likely recommend watchful waiting for the next few weeks."
"Unfortunately, these vaccines may be less effective once you have HPV."
Shortly after being diagnosed with HIV, a client has begun highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The client asks, "My doctor tells me that my viral load is going down. What does that mean?" The nurse's best response is: "Your medications are going to decrease your ability to transmit the virus to your sexual partners." "This means that you are in the long-term nonprogressor stage of HIV." "You are developing drug resistance and may need to have your medications adjusted." "Your HAART medications are working to slow the progression of the disease."
"Your HAART medications are working to slow the progression of the disease."
After inoculation with HPV, genital warts may begin to grow. They usually manifest as soft, raised fleshy lesions on the external genitalia of either male or female. What is the incubation period for HPV-induced genital warts? 6 weeks to 8 months 6 days to 8 days 6 months to 8 months 6 weeks to 8 weeks
6 weeks to 8 months
Within how many days it is important to test anyone who has had sex with an individual who tests positive for gonorrhea? 60 180 365 90
60
Which person is most at risk for hip fractures? 66-year-old white female with history of alcohol use disorder 50-year-old Asian male with dementia 26-year-old white female volleyball player 70-year-old active black woman
66-year-old white female with history of alcohol use disorder
Which client has the highest risk of contracting an opportunistic infection? A client who recently contracted HIV with a viral load of 1 million copies/mL A client who has had HIV for 10 years and has a platelet count of 200/mL A client who has had HIV for 3 years and has a CD4+ count of 50 cells/μL A client who has had HIV for 30 years and has a CD4+ count of 1000 cells/μL
A client who has had HIV for 3 years and has a CD4+ count of 50 cells/μL
Which client is at highest risk of developing trichomoniasis? A client who is sexually active A client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2 A client who is taking 10 different medications A client who completed a 10-day course of antibiotic therapy for a urinary tract infection
A client who is sexually active
Which principle best explains symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including dysphagia, muscle weakness and spasticity, and dysphonia? ALS is caused by muscular necrosis. ALS is caused by both an upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron disturbance. ALS is caused by lack of dopamine in the body. ALS is caused by disruption to the cerebellum.
ALS is caused by both an upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron disturbance.
A client is brought to the physician's office with a raised, red macular rash on the trunk and arms accompanied by a fever. A diagnosis of measles is made. Which type of immunity does this disease process provide? Passive natural immunity Active natural immunity Active artificial immunity Passive artificial immunity
Active natural immunity
A cancer patient who is on chemotherapy reports severe nausea and vomiting. Which action would be most beneficial to the patient? Wash hands often. Administer allopurinol. Administer ondansetron. Wash lettuce before serving.
Administer ondansetron
A client presents to the urgent care clinic with erythematous, papular, and vesicular lesions associated with intense pruritus and weeping. The client states he was in the woods and thinks he may have come in contact with poison ivy. The reaction may be classified as: Allergic contact dermatitis Allergic systemic response Allergic rhinitis Allergic asthma
Allergic contact dermatitis
For which adverse effects will the nurse monitor in a patient receiving chemotherapy? Select all that apply. Alopecia Stomatitis Neutropenia Hypertension Urinary retention
Alopecia Stomatitis Neutropenia
A 24-year-old female presents with vulvar pruritus accompanied by irritation, pain on urination, erythema, and an odorless, thick, acid vaginal discharge. She denies sexual activity during the last 6 months. Her records show that she has diabetes mellitus and uses oral contraceptives. Which category of medication is most likely to resolve her symptoms? A quinolone antibiotic An antiviral agent A penicillin antibiotic An azole antifungal agent
An azole antifungal agent
A client has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). The nurse recognizes that the client's condition is a result of: Circulating antibodies attacking the postsynaptic acetylcholine levels Degeneration of the lower cell bodies of the lower motor neurons in the gray matter An immune-mediated response that is caused by the demyelinization of the myelin sheath of the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve Degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system
An immune-mediated response that is caused by the demyelinization of the myelin sheath of the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve
The cells that mediate humoral immunity do so because they are capable of producing: Stem cells Antibodies Helper T cells Platelets
Antibodies
The daughter of a 79-year-old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. The daughter states, "My mother has always been healthy, but now she has pneumonia. Last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. The month before that was some other infection. How come she seems to get sick so often now?" What is the nurse's bestresponse? Your mother gets infections frequently because she wants attention from you. As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger. Your mother just seems to be prone to getting infections. About the time we are 75 or 76 years old, our immune system quits working.
As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger.
A child presents to the emergency room with suspected trauma to the growth plate in the ankle during a soccer game. Which step is the best intervention? Assess the child for pain and prepare for diagnostic studies. Tell the parents to make an appointment with a specialist. Tell the parents to take the child to their family physician. Take the child to an orthopedist.
Assess the child for pain and prepare for diagnostic studies.
The nurse provides prophylactic treatment for a neonate to prevent conjunctival gonorrhea. The nurse is aware that the intervention will reduce the risk of: Blindness Urethritis Genital infection Pruritus
Blindness
A nurse caring for a client with cancer notes that the client also has anemia. What might be the cause of anemia in this client? Select all that apply. Side effect of chemotherapy Liver fatigue Blood loss Impaired red blood cell (RBC) production Hypoxia
Blood loss Impaired red blood cell (RBC) production Side effect of chemotherapy
A client with confirmed low bone density asks the nurse if there is anything she can to decrease the risk of trauma. The best response would be: High-impact aerobic exercise for 1 hour three times per week Running 1 mile per day with good athletic shoes Lawn bowling for 1 hour per week Brisk walking three times per week on a flat surface
Brisk walking three times per week on a flat surface
The nurse is evaluating the laboratory results of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). A deficiency of which cell is the most reliable indicator of the status of the patient's immune system? Platelets Macrophages B lymphocytes CD4+ T lymphocytes
CD4+ T lymphocytes
Which of these is an AIDS-defining condition? Severe, prolonged diarrhea CD4+ count less than 200 cells/μL Any serious infection Malignancy of any organ
CD4+ count less than 200 cells/μL
HIV virus preferentially infects which cells? CD4+T lymphocytes and nerve cells Platelets Red blood cells CD3+ lymphocytes
CD4+T lymphocytes and nerve cells
A client who was recently diagnosed with cancer and is worried that his cancer might spread asks the nurse how cancer spreads? What would be the nurse's best response? "Cancer always spreads through the lymph nodes." "Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels." "Cancer can only spread through the blood vessels." "Cancer can spread through the bone only and that is why many people get bone cancer."
Cancer spreads through the lymph channels and the blood vessels
A middle-aged woman is brought to the emergency room after a minor auto accident. Her gait is staggering and unsteady, her speech is slurred, and she displays slight nystagmus. The police officer who brought her in says she has not been drinking. Her blood pressure is very high. Which health problem most likely underlies her present state? Cerebellar damage caused by a cerebrovascular accident Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia crisis Guillain-Barre syndrome
Cerebellar damage caused by a cerebrovascular accident
A female client is infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) following unprotected sexual intercourse. The nurse prepares to teach the client about the risk of developing which cancer? Cervical Ovarian Vulvar Endometrial
Cervical
A client receiving chemotherapy has leukopenia. Which type of medication would promote long-term improvement in the client's immune response? Antiretroviral agent Gamma globulin (IgG) Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Live vaccine
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
A patient is receiving cancer chemotherapy. Which type of drug is the nurse administering? Targeted drugs Cytotoxic agents Biologic response modifiers Hormones and hormone antagonists
Cytotoxic agents
A 22-year-old woman has sustained a lateral blow to her right knee during a game, and subsequent imaging has confirmed a severe meniscus injury. Which consequences should the woman expect over the course of recovery? Select all that apply. Decreased lubrication in the knee joint Reduced shock absorption capacity Rapid restoration of the cartilage cells in the meniscus Presence of infectious microorganisms in the synovial capsule Decreased stability of the knee
Decreased lubrication in the knee joint Decreased stability of the knee Reduced shock absorption capacity
A nurse who works in a long-term care facility has observed the high incidence of infectious illnesses among the older adults who reside there. What is the best explanation for a diminished immune capacity in older adults? Decreased antigen recognition by B lymphocytes Overexpression of cytokines and receptors Decreased numbers and responsiveness of T lymphocytes Altered function in peripheral lymphocytes
Decreased numbers and responsiveness of T lymphocytes
A clinical research study is evaluating cells that bridge both the innate and adaptive immune systems. A nurse has identified the dendritic cells (DCs) as a key component. Which statement validates this finding? Dendritic cells (DCs) destroy the invading organism through the process of phagocytosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) can also act as opsonins and can coat cellular particles on pathogens and enhance the phagocytic function of innate cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) spontaneously kill target tumor and/or infected cells without previous exposure to surface antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) directly sense pathogens, capture foreign agents, and transport them to secondary lymphoid tissues. Once activated, they undergo a maturation process and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity.
Dendritic cells (DCs) directly sense pathogens, capture foreign agents, and transport them to secondary lymphoid tissues. Once activated, they undergo a maturation process and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity.
A client with Parkinson disease presents with bradykinesia and an altered gait. These symptoms arise in response to the progressive deterioration of which structure in the brain? Limbic system Serotonergic system Cerebellum Dopamine nigrostriatal system
Dopamine nigrostriatal system
A client who sustained a complete C6 spinal cord injury 6 months ago has been admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. The nurse observes the client with diaphoresis above the level of C6 and the blood pressure is 260/140 mm Hg. What is the first intervention the nurse should provide? Insert an indwelling catheter. Disimpact the stool from the anal vault. Elevate the head of the bed. Give the client some orange juice and sugar.
Elevate the head of the bed.
A adolescent asks the nurse if there is anything that would greatly increase her risk of acquiring herpes simplex virus (HSV). Which response would be the most accurate for the nurse to reply? Hugging a friend who is infected Sharing pizza when an HSV-infected friend hands you a slice Cigarette smoking Engaging in oral-genital sex
Engaging in oral-genital sex
Select the statement that best describes the effectiveness of vaccination in the older adult population. Age does not influence the effectiveness; it depends on the amount of medication you receive. Older adults who are immunized have the same effective response in immunity as younger persons do. Vaccinations are only effective in older adult populations if their families have been vaccinated. Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.
Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.
The underlying causative problem in Parkinsonism is: Failure of dopamine release Genetic defect Viral infection Autoimmune disorder
Failure of dopamine release
A lactation nurse visits a new mother after delivery of her first child and encourages the mother to breast-feed her infant, even for a short time. Which statement made by the nurse correctly explains the importance of breast-feeding? Colostrum will provide the infant with passive immunity to all childhood illnesses for several months. Colostrum will provide the infant with innate immunity to diseases to which the mother is immune. Colostrum will provide the infant with active immunity to many childhood illnesses for several years. For several months, colostrum will provide the infant with passive immunity to diseases to which the mother has immunity.
For several months, colostrum will provide the infant with passive immunity to diseases to which the mother has immunity.
Which statement best describes the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? Sudden onset and presence of constant and consistent symptoms T-cell-mediated response to an immunologic trigger Decreasing symptoms with exposure to UV light Formation of autoantibodies and immune complexes (type III hypersensitivity)
Formation of autoantibodies and immune complexes (type III hypersensitivity)
A client is diagnosed with chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis. Which assessment finding would be present to confirm this diagnosis? Reports of difficulty urinating Chronic itching in the vaginal area Four episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis (confirmed symptoms) so far this year Inability to become pregnant
Four episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis (confirmed symptoms) so far this year
When monitoring the impact of chemotherapy on patients, the nurse must consider potential toxicity to normal cells primarily in which tissues? Select all that apply. Brain Hair follicles Bone marrow Gastrointestinal epithelium Germinal epithelium of the testes
Hair follicles Bone marrow Gastrointestinal epithelium Germinal epithelium of the testes
A client experiences an allergic reaction. Select the immunoglobulin that would bind to mast cells and release histamine. IgD IgA IgG IgE
IgE
Which statements are correct regarding the diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder? Select all that apply. Laboratory diagnostic testing aids in the diagnosis of auto immune disorders. Effective history taking is vital to the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders. Non-autoimmune diseases can present with autoimmune-like symptoms. Autoimmune disorders are diagnosed with near certainty. Overlapping presentation of symptoms is common among this type of disorder.
Laboratory diagnostic testing aids in the diagnosis of auto immune disorders. Effective history taking is vital to the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders. Overlapping presentation of symptoms is common among this type of disorder.
A person has been exposed to a particular antigen and a now experiences a repeat exposure. What stimulates a quicker immune response? Memory T cells Immunity Macrophages Antibodies
Memory T cells
The nurse is caring for a client with newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which over-the-counter medication does the nurse recognize is useful in treating inflammation, arthritis, and pleuritis? Belimumab Cyclophosphamide Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Hydroxychloroquine
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
A client diagnosed with Parkinson disease is displaying the following manifestations: tremor, rigidity, and slowness of movement. The nurse would interpret these as: Signs of clinical deterioration Normal manifestations of Parkinson disease Signs of clinical improvement Manifestations of another disease process
Normal manifestations of Parkinson disease
The nurse is caring for a client who has AIDS and suffers from wasting syndrome. What is the priority nursing consideration for this client? Nutrition Oxygenation Skin care Pain
Nutrition
The nurse is conducting a health promotion class on osteoarthitis (OA). Which statement should the nurse include? There is no hereditary link to the development of OA. Eating a diet low in calcium is the only contributing risk factor to OA. Young women have a higher risk than young men of developing OA. Obesity is a strong risk factor for developing OA.
Obesity is a strong risk factor for developing OA.
The nurse is explaining to a client the adverse side effects of cancer therapies. Which target of both chemotherapy and radiation treatment accounts for the adverse as well as therapeutic effects of these treatments? Circulating hormone levels Rapidly proliferating cells Blood vessels Cell-surface receptors
Rapidly proliferating cells
Nystagmus due to cerebellar dysfunction would most likely interfere with which activity? Speech Fine motor skills Reading Walking
Reading
The hand-off report to the nurse of a client with cancer includes that the client is scheduled for palliative surgery. The nurse interprets this to mean that the goal of the client's surgery is to do which of the following? Diagnose the cancer Stage the cancer Determine the extent of metastasis Relieve the client's symptoms
Relieve the client's symptoms
Nurses understand the importance of early detection for cancer. The best way to diagnose cancer in clients at its earliest stage is through which procedure? Phone calls Survey Screening Interview
Screening
Select the most reliable test to diagnose syphilis. Urine culture Chest x-ray Oral swab Serology
Serology
A client is being evaluated for atopic dermatitis possibly caused by a latex-related allergic reaction. The nurse will review which lab results to determine if an allergy is present? Neutrophils Basophils Serum IgE Serum IgG
Serum IgE
The first physical line of defense in innate immunity is: Specialized lymphocytes Neutrophils Skin and mucous membranes Plasma proteins
Skin and mucous membranes
A nurse is caring for a client admitted with a malar rash on the nose and cheeks. The nurse recognizes that this rash is characteristic of which disease process? Scleroderma Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Sarcoidosis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Which type of immunity provides a defense against intracellular microbes such as viruses? Histamines Suppressor B cells T lymphocytes Antibodies
T lymphocytes
Why is early diagnosis essential for an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency disorders (SCIDs)? A cure may be found. The infant will not have developmental delays. There is better opportunity for successful treatment. The infant will not have any infections.
There is better opportunity for successful treatment.
A nurse teaches a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome about helper T cells. Which functions should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply. They activate cytolytic T cells. They assist in antibody production. They serve as an antigen-presenting cell. They initiate delayed-type hypersensitivity. They attack helminths and foreign particles.
They activate cytolytic T cells. They assist in antibody production. They initiate delayed-type hypersensitivity.
A client has been diagnosed with candidiasis. Which symptom was present to diagnose this condition? Severely painful lesions Urinary retention Pustules Thick, white secretions
Thick, white secretions
The nurse assesses the neurovascular status of a client who had surgery to repair a fractured hip. Which assessment data for the affected leg indicates that the client has developed a neurologic complication? Ruddy skin color Cool skin temperature Tingling sensations Nonpitting edema
Tingling sensations
Which is the main purpose of the complement system in the presence of invading microorganisms? To attack and destroy antigens To stimulate change in neutrophils To create an inflammatory response To prevent uncontrolled reactions of complement
To attack and destroy antigens
Which statement is true about treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip? Subluxation never resolves on its own. Treatment needs to be individualized. All infants will need surgery for this condition. Treatment needs to be completed within 2 weeks.
Treatment needs to be individualized.
A client comes to the clinic and informs the nurse that he believes he is suffering from Parkinson disease. What objective data assessed by the nurse would correlate with the client's concern? Select all that apply. Rapid speech Tremor Bradykinesia Tachycardia Rigidity
Tremor Rigidity Bradykinesia
A client had an arm cast fitted after suffering a right humeral fracture in a hockey game. The client reported a loss of sensation in the right hand, but sensation returned upon removal of the cast. Which was the most likely cause of the client's loss of sensation? Compression lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve Inhibition of the musculocutaneous nerve to protect the humerus Severing of the musculocutaneous nerve followed by regeneration Inflammation of the musculocutaneous nerve
Compression lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve
In providing education to a sexually active 22-year-old female, which topic would be mostbeneficial to discuss to decrease her risk for contracting HIV? Not engaging in sexual activity until marriage Use of natural condoms with sexual activity Use of petroleum (oil based) lubricants to help kill the virus Consistent use of latex condoms with sexual activity
Consistent use of latex condoms with sexual activity
Which of the types of T cells is responsible for destroying pathogens by punching holes in their cell membrane and by secreting cytokines/lymphokines? Helper T cells Regulatory T cells Memory T cells Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for cancer has experienced bone marrow depression. This patient will be unable to produce which blood cells that participate in providing cell-mediated and humoral immunity? Select all that apply. Platelets Erythrocytes Granulocytes T lymphocytes B lymphocytes
Granulocytes T lymphocytes B lymphocytes
Which clinical assessment findings can be considered an adverse effect to the radiation treatment the client is undergoing to "shrink" a tumor prior to surgery? Select all that apply. Increased production of nasal secretions Hemoglobin 9.0 g/dL (90 g/L)(low) Complains of frequent nauseas and vomiting Stiff, painful joints in the AM Urine output less than 30 mL/hr (low)
Hemoglobin 9.0 g/dL (90 g/L)(low) Complains of frequent nauseas and vomiting
An essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, while an immune response that is excessive can lead to conditions from allergic responses all the way to autoimmune diseases. Which condition/disease is not an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system? Huntington disease Multiple sclerosis Systemic lupus Fibromyalgia
Huntington disease
A client is being treated for an anaphylactic reaction after eating shrimp. Which class of antibodies mediates the anaphylaxis? IgM IgA IgG IgE
IgE
Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is released in response to allergy or parasitic infections? IgG IgE IgM IgA
IgE
In a newborn, which antibody crosses the placenta to provide protection from infection? IgE IgG IgA IgM
IgG
The nurse is aware that the only class of immunoglobulins to cross the placenta is: IgD IgM IgA IgG
IgG
Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is the most abundant of circulating antibodies? IgE IgG IgM IgA
IgG
The nurse should anticipate that she will need to teach the client newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis how to give injections if which medication to assist with reducing exacerbations is prescribed? Plasmapheresis Interferon beta Corticosteroids Mitoxantrone
Interferon beta
When assessing a client with rheumatoid arthritis, which statement about joint involvement is most accurate? Involvement usually attacks the entire spinal column with the lumbar region being the most involved area. Involvement is symmetric and polyarticular, initially starting in the fingers, hands, and wrists. The joint involvement is usually diagnosed at the time of a fracture following an accident. If the hands are involved, it usually only occurs in the dominant hand in the distal intraphalangeal joint.
Involvement is symmetric and polyarticular, initially starting in the fingers, hands, and wrists.
Which statement represents the primary advantage of targeted cancer therapy? It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells. It can be administered on an outpatient basis. It is unlikely to cause nausea and vomiting. It has a shorter course of treatment than other therapies. SUBMIT ANSWER
It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells.
Due to her progressing osteoarthritis (OA), an 80-year-old woman is no longer able to perform her activities of daily living without assistance. Which phenomenon most likely underlies the woman's situation? Inappropriate T-cell mediated immune responses have resulted in articular cartilage degeneration. Loss of articular cartilage and synovitis has resulted from inflammation caused when joint cartilage attempted to repair itself. Excessive collagen deposits have accumulated in the woman's synovial joints. Bone overgrowth in synovial joints has resulted in fusing of adjacent bones that normally articulate.
Loss of articular cartilage and synovitis has resulted from inflammation caused when joint cartilage attempted to repair itself.
A male client presents at the clinic with flulike symptoms and reports a weight loss of 10 pounds without trying. On physical examination, the client is found to have splenomegaly and large, tender, fluctuant inguinal lymph nodes. While taking the nursing history, it is discovered that the client prefers male sexual partners, and that 2 weeks ago the client had small, painless papules. What disease would the nurse suspect the client has? Chancroid Genital herpes Syphilis Lymphogranuloma venereum
Lymphogranuloma venereum
A client has been diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome and is being treated in the intensive care unit. The client is experiencing rapidly ascending paralysis. What is the nurse's priority intervention when caring for this client? Assessing distal peripheral pulses Inserting a Foley catheter Restarting the IV when it infiltrates Maintenance of the client's airway
Maintenance of the client's airway
An obstetrics nurse is counseling an expectant mother. The mother is concerned about letting people hold her baby once the baby is born, fearing that the infant will get sick. What should the nurse explain to the mother? The innate immune system will protect the baby. Abundant lymphoid tissues protect the infant in the first few months of life. Maternal immunoglobulins cross the placenta and protect the newborn early in life. IgA that is present at birth, and which originates with the mother, will protect the baby,
Maternal immunoglobulins cross the placenta and protect the newborn early in life.
A young woman presents with vaginal itching and irritation of recent onset. Her labia are swollen, and she has a frothy yellowish discharge with an unpleasant smell and a pH of 6.8. She has been celibate during the last 6 months and has been taking antibiotics for a throat infection. Which medication is most likely to clear her symptoms? Valacyclovir Metronidazole Azithromycin Penicillin
Metronidazole
Which is least likely to contribute to the spread of HIV infection? Oral sex Sharing of intravenous needles Mosquitoes Vaginal intercourse
Mosquitoes
A nurse is educating a group of students about the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Which is a potential portal of entry for most sexually transmitted infections? Eyes and conjunctiva Mouth Nail bed Nose
Mouth
Muscular dystrophy is characterized by what pathophysiologic changes? Muscular necrosis, with replacement with fat and connective tissue Antibody-controlled loss of acetylcholine receptors Compression mononeuropathy caused by compression of nerves Acute immune-related polyneuropathy
Muscular necrosis, with replacement with fat and connective tissue
Which type of immunity is achieved by an infant from its mother through antibodies transferred in utero or in breast milk? Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
A child has a congenital condition in which the thymus gland is absent. What should the nurse include in the education of care of this client to the parents? Observe and report any signs of bleeding. Observe and report signs and symptoms of infection. Do not immunize the child with inactive or live viruses. Report if the child has 2 to 3 loose stools in a day.
Observe and report signs and symptoms of infection.
The nurse develops a plan of care for a patient receiving chemotherapy whose neutrophil count has reached its nadir. Which nursing action is the priority? Limit contact with visitors. Provide daily oral hygiene. Obtain temperature frequently. Restrict all fresh fruits and vegetables.
Obtain temperature frequently
When teaching a community education class on osteoarthritis (OA), the nurse should include which demographic in discussing which individuals are at risk for this problem? Select all that apply. Older women Asian women People with autoimmune disorders Obese people Elderly individuals
Older women Obese people Elderly individuals
The process by which microbes are coated to allow for more efficient recognition by phagocytes is known as: Immunity Opsonization Memory Immunization
Opsonization
A 75-year-old female has been admitted to the hospital with a hip fracture. She states, "All I did was fall into my chair, not even very hard." Upon diagnostic testing, the client's bones shows loss of trabeculae from cancellous bone and thinning of the cortex. Which diagnosis is most likely? Osteonecrosis Osteomyelitis Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
A client sustains a musculoskeletal injury of the wrist. Which manifestation would the nurse expect to accompany the strain? Joint deformity and swelling Catching and limited motion Pain and stiffness False motion and discoloration
Pain and stiffness
Tuberculosis can spread from the lungs into the musculoskeletal system. What is the most common site in the skeletal system for tuberculosis to be found? Spine Hips Shoulders Ankles
Spine
A client who has experienced a spinal cord injury still has use of the arms but has impaired motor and sensory function of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. Which term best describes how this injury is classified? Tetraplegia Paraplegia Brown-Séquard syndrome Quadriplegia
Paraplegia
After being thrown off the back of a bull, a bull rider can move his arms but has loss of motor function in the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord. This is referred to as: Quadriplegia Anterior cord syndrome Tetraplegia Paraplegia
Paraplegia
A woman experiences a viral infection while pregnant. Which type of immunity does an infant have at birth against this infection? Passive Adaptive Active Tolerance
Passive
The client with a suspected diagnosis of osteoarthritis asks the health care provider, "How will this diagnosis be confirmed?" Which response is most appropriate? Aspiration of the joint with biopsy sent to laboratory Exercise trials to monitor angle of joint movements Physical examination and x-ray studies Bone marrow aspiration of the pelvis
Physical examination and x-ray studies
What is a common opportunistic infection in AIDS clients? Myalgia Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) Chancroid Syphilis
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP)
Which assessment finding helps the nurse confirm that the client has genital warts? Soft, raised lesions on external genitalia Dark brown or black papules on external genitalia Dark red, hard lesions on external genitalia Hard white lesions with dark centers
Soft, raised lesions on external genitalia
What is the most common mode of transmission of HIV? Occupational exposure Infection from shared needles Vaginal and anal intercourse Blood transfusion Mother to newborn via perinatal transmission
Vaginal and anal intercourse
A nursing student is assigned to care for a client who has AIDS. The student is unsure of what personal protective equipment should be worn while caring for this client. Which statement is appropriate direction from the student's nursing instructor? Wear gloves if there is a chance you will come in contact with the client's blood or body fluids. No precautions are needed. Wear gloves, gown, and mask when in contact with the client. Have the client wear a mask when transporting him from one area of the hospital to another.
Wear gloves if there is a chance you will come in contact with the client's blood or body fluids
An older adult client has recently been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. The nurse should focus assessment on which aspects? Sodium and potassium levels Cognition and coping skills Oxygenation and respiratory status Weight and nutritional status
Weight and nutritional status
ollowing prosthetic joint replacement of the knee, the client continues to complain of pain and discomfort above what would be expected. There is poor incisional healing. The clinic nurse is concerned when she sees that the incision is still draining after 3 weeks post-op. The nurse suspects a prosthetic joint infection. The nurse should anticipate the physician will prescribe: antimicrobial treatment depending on the microbe. complete bed rest with immobilization of the knee. high doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). wound irrigations with hydrogen peroxide twice daily.
antimicrobial treatment depending on the microbe.
A client's presentation and recent sexual history are suggestive of gonorrhea. This suspected diagnosis can best be confirmed by: endoscopy of the urethra. measuring the viscosity of purulent discharge. performing a tissue biopsy of urethral epithelium. culturing a sample of the client's penile discharge.
culturing a sample of the client's penile discharge.
Loss of coordinated movement, muscle rigidity, and immobility without paralysis is likely due to damage to: cranial nerves. peripheral neurons. pyramidal structures. extrapyramidal tracks.
extrapyramidal tracks
A 10 year old child with strep throat asks the nurse, "Why are there large bumps [lymph nodes] on my neck when my throat gets sore?" The nurse replies that lymph nodes: bring all kind of good cells to your throat so that they can wall the strep off and keep the germs from getting any food or water. bring in cells into the lymph node [your bump] to stop the germs from going anywhere else in the body. help your body fight off infections by allowing special cells [lymphocytes and macrophages] to move through the lymph chain and engulf and destroy germs. help your tonsils get bigger with cells that will bring immune cells into your throat to prevent any other infections.
help your body fight off infections by allowing special cells [lymphocytes and macrophages] to move through the lymph chain and engulf and destroy germs.
A client is diagnosed with leukemia. The student nurse working with this client correctly identifies this type of cancer to be: hematologic cancer. benign cancer. solid tumor. not really a cancer.
hematologic cancer
A client asks the nurse how malignant tumors differ from benign tumors. The best response would be that malignant tumors: are slower growing. are generally smaller in size. invade surrounding tissues. are surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
invade surrounding tissues
HIV is considered to be a retrovirus because: it carries its genetic information in ribonucleic acid (RNA) rather than deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). it reproduces at a rapid rate. it carries a genetic marker for a previously discovered virus that was a source of an epidemic in an earlier time period. it converts to a primitive form of virus when duplicated.
it carries its genetic information in ribonucleic acid (RNA) rather than deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Death caused by muscular dystrophy in early adulthood is usually due to: severe long bone fractures. malnutrition. severe skeletal muscle weakness. respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement.
respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement