Lentz Chapter 3

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Physical Property

A characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition

Periodic Table

A chart that organizes all known elements into a grid of horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups or families) arranged by increasing atomic number

Compound

A chemical combination of two or more different elements; can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means and has properties different from those of its component elements.

Gas

A form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container, fills the container's entire volume, and is easily compressed.

Liquid

A form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container

Solid

A form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume, is incompressible, and expands only slightly when heated.

Not enough information is given.

A heterogeneous mixture is poured through a piece of filter paper that is positioned over a beaker. What is the substance that is collected in the beaker?

Percent By Mass

A percentage determined by the ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound

Mixture

A physical blend of two or more pure substances in any proportion in which each substance retains its individual properties; can be separated by physical means

Intensive Property

A physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present.

Extensive Property

A physical property, such as mass, length, and volume, that is dependent upon the amount of substance present.

Element

A pure substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

Crystallization

A separation technique that produces pure solid particles of a substance from a solution that contains the dissolved substance.

Alloy

A solution of solids

Compound

A substance that can be separated into two or more substances only by a chemical change

Distillation

A technique that can be used to separate most homogeneous mixtures based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances.

Chromatography

A technique that produces pure solid particles of a substance from a solution that contains the dissolved substance.

Filtration

A technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid

Distillation

A technique that uses the differences in boiling point to separate homogeneous mixtures

Phase Change

A transition of matter from one state to another

Phase Change

A(n) ____________ is a transition from one state of matter to another.

Physical Property

Also describes pure substances because substances have uniform and unchanging compositions, they also have consistent and unchanging properties

Solution

Also known as a homogeneous mixture

Extensive Property

An example of an _________________ of matter is mass

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Phase Change

Are also physical changes

Solid

Because its shape is definite, it might not conform to the shape of the container in which it is placed. If you place a rock into a container, the rock will not take the shape of the container.

Physical Property

Bitter Taste

Physical Property

Blue Color

Physical Property

Boiling Point

216 Grams

Calculation: In the chemical reaction shown above, what is the beginning mass of mercuric oxide? 2HgO (? Grams) → 2Hg (200 grams) + O2 (16 grams)

Chemical Property

Can Neutralize a Base

External Coniditions

Can affect both physical and chemical properties.

Substance

Can often be identified by its intensive properties. In some cases, a single intensive property is unique enough for identification.

Condensation

Change of a gas to a liquid

Evaporation

Change of a liquid to a gas

Crystallization

Change of a liquid to a solid

Physical Property Appearance

Color Shape Density Mass Volume Temperature Melting / Boiling Points

Liquid

Common Examples are Water, Blood, and Mercury

Physical Change

Crumpling Breaking Bending Grinding Splitting Cutting Ripping Boil Freeze Condense Vaporize Melt Evaporation

Gas

Flows to conform to the shape of its container, fills the entire volume, particles are far apart, and easily compressed

Vapor

Gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or a solid at room temperature.

Physical Property

Hardness

Pure Substance

Has an unchanging composition. Water in the form of steam has an unchanging composition.

Solid

Has its own definite shape and volume

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Alcohol

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Aluminum foil

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Beach sand

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Black coffee

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Cherry vanilla ice cream

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: City air

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Flat soda pop

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Iron

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Paint

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Pure air

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Salad dressing

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Soil

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Spaghetti sauce

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Sugar

Homogeneous

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Sugar water

Periods

Horizontal rows on the periodic table

The masses of the gases and water vapor released into the air by the combustion reaction plus the mass of ash equal the mass of the log before burning.

How can the law of conservation of mass apply to a burning log, if all that remains of it is ash? A) The ash has the same mass as the log, although a large percentage of it blows away. B) The law of conservation of mass applies to changes of state but not to chemical reactions. C) The law of conservation of mass applies to substitution and displacement reactions, but not to combustion reactions. D) The masses of the gases and water vapor released into the air by the combustion reaction plus the mass of ash equal the mass of the log before burning.

Sucrose

In the chemical reaction in which sucrose is heated and decomposes to form carbon dioxide and water, which of the following is a reactant?

Products

In the chemical reaction shown above, how do you classify hydrogen and oxygen? 2H₂ + O₂→ 2H₂O

Chemical Property

Iron forming rust when combined with the oxygen in air is an example of a

Steam

Is a vapor because water exists as a liquid at room temperature.

Physical Change

Is any change which alters the physical properties of a substance without changing its composition

Chemical Change

Is any process that involves one or more substances changing into new substances. Also known as a chemical reaction

Liquid

Is matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container

Substance

Is matter with uniform and unchanging composition (element or compound)

Physical Property

Luster

Physical Property Behavior

Magnesium Ability to Flow Malleable (can be hammered or rolled into sheets) Ductile (can be drawn into wires)

Density

Mass of a substance divided by unit volume

Outline

Matter A. Mixtures (can be separated by physical means?) Heterogeneous and Homogeneous B. Substances (can't be separated by physical means?) Compounds and Elements

Substance

Matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition

Physical Property

Melting Point

Gas

No fixed volume or shape; Highly compressible; Easy to decrease the volume

Physical Property

Odor

Heterogeneous Mixture

One that does not have a uniform composition and in which the individual substances remain distinct

Homogeneous Mixture

One that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase; also called a solution

Liquid

Particles are not held in place and can move past each other, in-compressible, and tend to expand when heated

Liquid

Particles are not rigidly held in place and are less closely packed than the particles in a solid.

Solid

Particles packed tightly

Fusion

Physical change of a solid to a liquid at the melting point

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: A pellet of sodium is sliced in two

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: A tire is inflated with air

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Evaporation

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Food is digested in the stomach

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Grass growing on a lawn

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Hydrochloric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to produce a salt, water, and heat

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Ice melting

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Iron rusts

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Milk Sours

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Pancakes cooking on a griddle

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Potassium chlorate decomposes to potassium chloride and oxygen gas

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Sugar dissolves in water

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Water is absorbed by a paper towel

Physical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Water is heated and changed to steam

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: When placed in H₂O, a sodium pellet catches on fire as hydrogen gas is liberated and sodium hydroxide forms

Chemical Change

Physical or Chemical Change: Wood rotting

Solid

Physical state of a substance

Chemical Property

Reacts with Acid to Form Hydrogen

Chemical Property

Reacts with Water to Form a Gas

Chemical Property

Reacts with a Base to Form Water

Physical Property

Red Color

Solid

Rigid; fixed volume and shape; nearly incompressible

Substance

Salt and Water are examples of a

Crystallization

Separation technique that produces highly pure solids.

Substance

Silver is known as a

Physical Property

Solubility

Physical Property

Sour Taste

Solid

State in which atoms or molecules are very close together and are regularly arranged

Gas

State of matter expands when heated and is easy to compress

Liquid

State of matter having a definite volume but no definite shape

Gas

State of matter having no definite volume or shape

Gas

State of matter takes both the shape and volume of its container

Liquid

State of matter that has definite volume and takes the shape of its container

Law of Conservation of Mass

States that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but is conserved.

Law of Multiple Proportions

States that when different compounds are formed by the combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers.

Law of Definite Proportions

States that, regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass

Substance; Compound

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Alcohol

Substance; Compound

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Carbon Dioxide

Substance; Element

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Chlorine

Substance; Element

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Iron

Substance; Element

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Oxygen

Mixture; Homogeneous Mixture

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Pure Air

Mixture; Heterogenous Mixture

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Rocky road ice cream

Mixture; Heterogeneous Mixture

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Soil

Mixture; Homogeneous Mixture

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Sugar Water

Substance; Compound

Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Water

Plasma

Super heated, charged ionized gas; found in fluorescent lights, lighting

Chemical Property

Supports Combustion

Identity

The ________ of physical changes remain the same

Chemical Property

The ability of a substance to combine with or change into other substances or inability to change other substances

Chemical Property

The ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into or more new substances.

Sublimation

The energy-requiring process by which a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid

Extensive and Intensive

Two types of physical properties

The composition of substances cannot vary, while the composition of mixtures can.

What distinguishes a substance from a mixture?

Matter

What everything is made of

Matter is neither destroyed or created

What happens to matter during a chemical reaction?

True Gas

What is a natural gas at room temperature?

A compound can only be separated into its components by chemical means.

What is one difference between a mixture and a compound?

Must be a change in chemical properties

What must occur for a change to be a chemical reaction?

Stays the Same

When an iron nail is ground into powder, its mass

Chemical Property

When one substance changes identity, it exhibits a(n)

Chemical Reaction

When the product has a different property than the reactant there's evidence of a

Steam

Which of the following is a pure substance? A) soda B) gun powder C) sugar water D) steam

Steam

Which of the following is a vapor? A) helium B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) steam

Density

Which of the following is not a state of matter? A) solid B) liquid C) gas D) density

Melting

Which of the following is not evidence of a chemical reaction? A) spoiled food B) rust C) melting D) color change

oil and vinegar salad dressing

Which of these is not a homogeneous mixture? A) sugar dissolved in water B) oxygen and nitrogen gases in the air C) oil and vinegar salad dressing D) a silver mercury amalgam used to fill a tooth cavity

Chemical Property

Will change when the identity of a substance changes.

Solid

Wood, iron, paper, and sugar are all examples.

Solution

a uniform mixture that can contain solids, liquids, or gases; also called a homogeneous mixture

Chemical Property

Flammability

Chemical Change

Decompose Explode Rust Oxidize Corrode Tarnish Ferment Burn Rot Cooking Disintegrating Charring Digesting

Liquid

Definite volume, no specific shape, takes form of container, slightly compressible

Physical Property

Density

Intensive Property

Density, Color, Distinctive appearance are examples of the

Extensive Property

Depends on size of sample Ex: volume, length

Chemical Property

Describe a substance's ability to combine without or change into one or more new substances

Substances

Elements and compounds

Intensive Property

Example: The density of a substance (at constant temperature and pressure) is the same no matter how much substance is present.

Physical Change

Examples Include Crumpling aluminum foil Cutting a sheet of paper Breaking a crystal

Chemical Property

Examples: Flammability Formation of Rust Basically Any Ability or Inability to React. Ability to React with Oxygen

States of Matter

The physical forms in which all matter naturally exists on Earth- most commonly as a solid, liquid, or a gas

Solid

The tight packing of particles makes it incompressible; it can't be pressed into a smaller volume.

Chemical Reactions

There is always a change in properties in

Plasma

This state of matter consists of electrically charged particles

Chemical Change

This type of change produces a new substance

Physical Property

This type of property can be observed without destroying the substance

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

Three common states of matter

Solid

Tightly packed particles and slightly expands when heated


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