Lentz Chapter 3
Physical Property
A characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition
Periodic Table
A chart that organizes all known elements into a grid of horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups or families) arranged by increasing atomic number
Compound
A chemical combination of two or more different elements; can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means and has properties different from those of its component elements.
Gas
A form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container, fills the container's entire volume, and is easily compressed.
Liquid
A form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container
Solid
A form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume, is incompressible, and expands only slightly when heated.
Not enough information is given.
A heterogeneous mixture is poured through a piece of filter paper that is positioned over a beaker. What is the substance that is collected in the beaker?
Percent By Mass
A percentage determined by the ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound
Mixture
A physical blend of two or more pure substances in any proportion in which each substance retains its individual properties; can be separated by physical means
Intensive Property
A physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present.
Extensive Property
A physical property, such as mass, length, and volume, that is dependent upon the amount of substance present.
Element
A pure substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
Crystallization
A separation technique that produces pure solid particles of a substance from a solution that contains the dissolved substance.
Alloy
A solution of solids
Compound
A substance that can be separated into two or more substances only by a chemical change
Distillation
A technique that can be used to separate most homogeneous mixtures based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances.
Chromatography
A technique that produces pure solid particles of a substance from a solution that contains the dissolved substance.
Filtration
A technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
Distillation
A technique that uses the differences in boiling point to separate homogeneous mixtures
Phase Change
A transition of matter from one state to another
Phase Change
A(n) ____________ is a transition from one state of matter to another.
Physical Property
Also describes pure substances because substances have uniform and unchanging compositions, they also have consistent and unchanging properties
Solution
Also known as a homogeneous mixture
Extensive Property
An example of an _________________ of matter is mass
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Phase Change
Are also physical changes
Solid
Because its shape is definite, it might not conform to the shape of the container in which it is placed. If you place a rock into a container, the rock will not take the shape of the container.
Physical Property
Bitter Taste
Physical Property
Blue Color
Physical Property
Boiling Point
216 Grams
Calculation: In the chemical reaction shown above, what is the beginning mass of mercuric oxide? 2HgO (? Grams) → 2Hg (200 grams) + O2 (16 grams)
Chemical Property
Can Neutralize a Base
External Coniditions
Can affect both physical and chemical properties.
Substance
Can often be identified by its intensive properties. In some cases, a single intensive property is unique enough for identification.
Condensation
Change of a gas to a liquid
Evaporation
Change of a liquid to a gas
Crystallization
Change of a liquid to a solid
Physical Property Appearance
Color Shape Density Mass Volume Temperature Melting / Boiling Points
Liquid
Common Examples are Water, Blood, and Mercury
Physical Change
Crumpling Breaking Bending Grinding Splitting Cutting Ripping Boil Freeze Condense Vaporize Melt Evaporation
Gas
Flows to conform to the shape of its container, fills the entire volume, particles are far apart, and easily compressed
Vapor
Gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or a solid at room temperature.
Physical Property
Hardness
Pure Substance
Has an unchanging composition. Water in the form of steam has an unchanging composition.
Solid
Has its own definite shape and volume
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Alcohol
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Aluminum foil
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Beach sand
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Black coffee
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Cherry vanilla ice cream
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: City air
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Flat soda pop
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Iron
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Paint
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Pure air
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Salad dressing
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Soil
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Spaghetti sauce
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Sugar
Homogeneous
Homogeneous or Heterogeneous: Sugar water
Periods
Horizontal rows on the periodic table
The masses of the gases and water vapor released into the air by the combustion reaction plus the mass of ash equal the mass of the log before burning.
How can the law of conservation of mass apply to a burning log, if all that remains of it is ash? A) The ash has the same mass as the log, although a large percentage of it blows away. B) The law of conservation of mass applies to changes of state but not to chemical reactions. C) The law of conservation of mass applies to substitution and displacement reactions, but not to combustion reactions. D) The masses of the gases and water vapor released into the air by the combustion reaction plus the mass of ash equal the mass of the log before burning.
Sucrose
In the chemical reaction in which sucrose is heated and decomposes to form carbon dioxide and water, which of the following is a reactant?
Products
In the chemical reaction shown above, how do you classify hydrogen and oxygen? 2H₂ + O₂→ 2H₂O
Chemical Property
Iron forming rust when combined with the oxygen in air is an example of a
Steam
Is a vapor because water exists as a liquid at room temperature.
Physical Change
Is any change which alters the physical properties of a substance without changing its composition
Chemical Change
Is any process that involves one or more substances changing into new substances. Also known as a chemical reaction
Liquid
Is matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container
Substance
Is matter with uniform and unchanging composition (element or compound)
Physical Property
Luster
Physical Property Behavior
Magnesium Ability to Flow Malleable (can be hammered or rolled into sheets) Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
Density
Mass of a substance divided by unit volume
Outline
Matter A. Mixtures (can be separated by physical means?) Heterogeneous and Homogeneous B. Substances (can't be separated by physical means?) Compounds and Elements
Substance
Matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition
Physical Property
Melting Point
Gas
No fixed volume or shape; Highly compressible; Easy to decrease the volume
Physical Property
Odor
Heterogeneous Mixture
One that does not have a uniform composition and in which the individual substances remain distinct
Homogeneous Mixture
One that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase; also called a solution
Liquid
Particles are not held in place and can move past each other, in-compressible, and tend to expand when heated
Liquid
Particles are not rigidly held in place and are less closely packed than the particles in a solid.
Solid
Particles packed tightly
Fusion
Physical change of a solid to a liquid at the melting point
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: A pellet of sodium is sliced in two
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: A tire is inflated with air
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Evaporation
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Food is digested in the stomach
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Grass growing on a lawn
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Hydrochloric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to produce a salt, water, and heat
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Ice melting
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Iron rusts
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Milk Sours
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Pancakes cooking on a griddle
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Potassium chlorate decomposes to potassium chloride and oxygen gas
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Sugar dissolves in water
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Water is absorbed by a paper towel
Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Water is heated and changed to steam
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: When placed in H₂O, a sodium pellet catches on fire as hydrogen gas is liberated and sodium hydroxide forms
Chemical Change
Physical or Chemical Change: Wood rotting
Solid
Physical state of a substance
Chemical Property
Reacts with Acid to Form Hydrogen
Chemical Property
Reacts with Water to Form a Gas
Chemical Property
Reacts with a Base to Form Water
Physical Property
Red Color
Solid
Rigid; fixed volume and shape; nearly incompressible
Substance
Salt and Water are examples of a
Crystallization
Separation technique that produces highly pure solids.
Substance
Silver is known as a
Physical Property
Solubility
Physical Property
Sour Taste
Solid
State in which atoms or molecules are very close together and are regularly arranged
Gas
State of matter expands when heated and is easy to compress
Liquid
State of matter having a definite volume but no definite shape
Gas
State of matter having no definite volume or shape
Gas
State of matter takes both the shape and volume of its container
Liquid
State of matter that has definite volume and takes the shape of its container
Law of Conservation of Mass
States that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but is conserved.
Law of Multiple Proportions
States that when different compounds are formed by the combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers.
Law of Definite Proportions
States that, regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass
Substance; Compound
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Alcohol
Substance; Compound
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Carbon Dioxide
Substance; Element
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Chlorine
Substance; Element
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Iron
Substance; Element
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Oxygen
Mixture; Homogeneous Mixture
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Pure Air
Mixture; Heterogenous Mixture
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Rocky road ice cream
Mixture; Heterogeneous Mixture
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Soil
Mixture; Homogeneous Mixture
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Sugar Water
Substance; Compound
Substance or Mixture and Element, Compound, Heterogeneous, and Homogeneous: Water
Plasma
Super heated, charged ionized gas; found in fluorescent lights, lighting
Chemical Property
Supports Combustion
Identity
The ________ of physical changes remain the same
Chemical Property
The ability of a substance to combine with or change into other substances or inability to change other substances
Chemical Property
The ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into or more new substances.
Sublimation
The energy-requiring process by which a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid
Extensive and Intensive
Two types of physical properties
The composition of substances cannot vary, while the composition of mixtures can.
What distinguishes a substance from a mixture?
Matter
What everything is made of
Matter is neither destroyed or created
What happens to matter during a chemical reaction?
True Gas
What is a natural gas at room temperature?
A compound can only be separated into its components by chemical means.
What is one difference between a mixture and a compound?
Must be a change in chemical properties
What must occur for a change to be a chemical reaction?
Stays the Same
When an iron nail is ground into powder, its mass
Chemical Property
When one substance changes identity, it exhibits a(n)
Chemical Reaction
When the product has a different property than the reactant there's evidence of a
Steam
Which of the following is a pure substance? A) soda B) gun powder C) sugar water D) steam
Steam
Which of the following is a vapor? A) helium B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) steam
Density
Which of the following is not a state of matter? A) solid B) liquid C) gas D) density
Melting
Which of the following is not evidence of a chemical reaction? A) spoiled food B) rust C) melting D) color change
oil and vinegar salad dressing
Which of these is not a homogeneous mixture? A) sugar dissolved in water B) oxygen and nitrogen gases in the air C) oil and vinegar salad dressing D) a silver mercury amalgam used to fill a tooth cavity
Chemical Property
Will change when the identity of a substance changes.
Solid
Wood, iron, paper, and sugar are all examples.
Solution
a uniform mixture that can contain solids, liquids, or gases; also called a homogeneous mixture
Chemical Property
Flammability
Chemical Change
Decompose Explode Rust Oxidize Corrode Tarnish Ferment Burn Rot Cooking Disintegrating Charring Digesting
Liquid
Definite volume, no specific shape, takes form of container, slightly compressible
Physical Property
Density
Intensive Property
Density, Color, Distinctive appearance are examples of the
Extensive Property
Depends on size of sample Ex: volume, length
Chemical Property
Describe a substance's ability to combine without or change into one or more new substances
Substances
Elements and compounds
Intensive Property
Example: The density of a substance (at constant temperature and pressure) is the same no matter how much substance is present.
Physical Change
Examples Include Crumpling aluminum foil Cutting a sheet of paper Breaking a crystal
Chemical Property
Examples: Flammability Formation of Rust Basically Any Ability or Inability to React. Ability to React with Oxygen
States of Matter
The physical forms in which all matter naturally exists on Earth- most commonly as a solid, liquid, or a gas
Solid
The tight packing of particles makes it incompressible; it can't be pressed into a smaller volume.
Chemical Reactions
There is always a change in properties in
Plasma
This state of matter consists of electrically charged particles
Chemical Change
This type of change produces a new substance
Physical Property
This type of property can be observed without destroying the substance
Solid, Liquid, and Gas
Three common states of matter
Solid
Tightly packed particles and slightly expands when heated
