patho ch 24

if a patient with a normal serum sodium is given 1 L of normal saline, how much of that volume will distribute into the intracellular space?

2/3

a normal serum potassium level is between

3.5-5

Which statement regarding serum magnesium (Mg++) is true?

Alcohol-related diseases frequently cause low Mg+ levels. Mg++ levels present similarly to calcium (Ca++) levels in the blood. Mg+ deficiencies often result in low serum potassium (K+) levels. Mg+ deficiencies must be treated before potassium (K+) deficiencies.

Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include which of the following?

Decreased postural blood pressure Flat neck veins Weight loss Dizziness oliguria

Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume excess include which of the following?

Edema Crackles Weight gain Bounding pulse Distended neck veins

Which statements are true regarding serum potassium (K+) levels?

Hyperkalemia can result in weakness in the lower extremities. Hyperkalemia can be characterized by intestinal cramping. Hypokalemia can often cause muscle weakness. Hypokalemia can result in a paralytic ileus.

Which statement is true regarding total body fluid?

In women, body water is about 50% of body weight. A full-term newborn infant is about 75% water by weight. In a standard adult male, body water is about 60% of body weight. An increase in body fat will generally result in a decrease of water weight.

The hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) release is stimulated by which of the following?

Pain Anxiety Hypovolemia ( want to increase fluid volume) Hyper-osmolality of the extracellular (want to balance out the Na)

Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia include which of the following?

Positive Trousseau sign Positive Chvostek sign Paresthesias Hyperactive reflexes Muscle twitching

The main cause of extracellular fluid volume deficit is

a decrease in saline in the same concentration as the normal extracellular fluid or third spacing.

saline deficit is defined as

a deficit of extracellular volume

fluid volume excess may be due to all of the following except

adrenal gland failure

manifestations of magnesium imbalance are attributed to

an altered release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

manifestations of potassium imbalance are attributed to

an altered resting membrane potential

a patient who presents with unexplained hypercalcemia should be evaluated for

cancer

when a pregnant woman with preeclampsia is given a magnesium infusion to suppress seizures during delivery, one should anticipate that the newborn may exhibit neuromuscular and respiratory

depression

conditions that presdispose to hyponatremia include

excessive administration of 5% dextrose in water

muscle weakness may be a symptom of all of the following electrolyte disturbances except

hyperphosphatemia

a high serum potassium level causes the resting membrane potential to be ____________ whereas a low serum potassium level causes _______________ resting membrane potential

hypo polarized hypolpolarized

a positive trousseaus sign is indicative of

hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia

dependent edema is usually a consequence of

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Aging adults are more prone to dehydration as a result of lack of thirst triggers resulting from

increased osmolality of extracellular fluid.

the most appreopriate fluid for treating a patient with a normal serum sodium and an extracellular volume deficit is

isotonic fluid

As the kidneys age, the tubules become

less responsive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and tend to lose too much water.

water excess (hyponatremia) is best detected by

low serum sodium

Fluid distribution between the interstitial and intracellular compartments occurs by

osmosis.

signs and symptoms of saline deficit include

postural hypotension

normally the relationship of serum calcium and serum phosphate is

reciprocal

generalized edema is usually a consequence of

reduced plasma proteins

a patient exhibiting edema, weight gain, and a normal serum sodium level probably has a fluid imbalance called

saline excess

the plasma concentration of an electrolyte correlates most closely with

the interstitial concentration

hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality are associated with a deficit of

water