Patho Chapter 12

The clinical latency period after HIV infection is a time when no A. viral replication occurs B. decline in CD4 lymphocytes occurs C. virus is detectable in the blood D. significant symptoms of immunodeficiency occur

D. significant symptoms of immunodeficiency occur

Which HIV-positive patient should be given a diagnosis of AIDS? A. One who has a CD4 count of 300/μL B. One who has neuropathy C. One who has Mycobacterium tuberculosis D. One who has genital herpes

C. One who has Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which statement is true regarding HIV testing? A. The first test is electrophoresis B. Western blot test is the initial test C. The new rapid finger stick test can provide results in 20 minutes D. All patients in whom positive test results are obtained must have ELISA performed.

C. The new rapid finger stick test can provide results in 20 minutes

Which type of cell does not contain the CD4 receptor? A. Langerhans B. Cervical C. Vaginal D. T

C. Vaginal

The immune system disorder associated with HIV is A. an overactive B-cell system. B. proliferation of immature WBCs (blasts). C. deficiency of T-helper lymphocytes. D. cancerous growth of lymph tissue.

C. deficiency of T-helper lymphocytes.

HIV replicates very quickly from the onset of infection. What is the major site of HIV replication? A. Vaginal mucosa B. Anal mucosa C. GI tract D. Respiratory tract

C. GI tract

An effective HIV vaccine is difficult to produce, primarily because A. HIV is not immunogenic B. B cells are unable to produce antibodies against HIV C. HIV mutates frequently D. reverse transcriptase cleaves to the vaccine

C. HIV mutates frequently

Which statement is true regarding HIV? A. Most women with AIDS were infected from IV drug use B. Heterosexuals constitute the largest population with AIDS C. Homosexual men constitute the largest population with AIDS D. Intravenous drug users constitute the largest population with AIDS

C. Homosexual men constitute the largest population with AIDS

A patient is infected with the retrovirus HIV. The patient may have contracted HIV as it was transmitted via (Select all that apply.) A. saliva. B. tears. C. semen. D. cervical secretions. E. cerebrospinal fluid.

C. semen. D. cervical secretions.

As of 2014, _____ individuals worldwide have been infected with HIV infection. A. 100,000 B. 1 million C. slightly less than 16 million D. nearly 35 million

C. slightly less than 16 million

A patient receiving zidovudine and a protease inhibitor to manage HIV infection is found to have an undetectable viral load. This means that the A. dosage of both agents should be reduced B. zidovudine can be discontinued C. therapy is effective D. HIV virus has been eliminated

C. therapy is effective

Which statement about HIV testing is correct? A. Any patient can be tested for HIV with or without their informed consent B. A negative HIV test ensures absence of infection C. The false-negative rate for HIV testing is zero D. Significant exposure to infected blood or body fluids requires HIV testing

D. Significant exposure to infected blood or body fluids requires HIV testing

Cleaning dirty needles prior to use helps prevent the spread of HIV. When using bleach, the user must rinse out all the blood first and then fill the needle and syringe with full-strength bleach three times for 10 to 20 seconds. (True/False)

False

In which type of cells is the CD4 found? (Select all that apply.) a. T cells b. Microglial cells c. Retinal cells d. Cervical cells e. Pacemaker cells

a. T cells b. Microglial cells c. Retinal cells d. Cervical cells

A patient presents to the clinic with flulike symptoms and a rash. The nurse knows that the type of rash associated with HIV may include (Select all that apply.) a. maculopapular. b. vesicular. c. impetigo. d. urticarial. e. psoriasis.

a. maculopapular. b. vesicular. d. urticarial.

Which statement best describes the etiologic development and transmission of AIDS? A. AIDS is caused by a retrovirus and transmitted through body fluids. B. The mechanism of AIDS transmission is unknown; therefore, AIDS is considered to be highly contagious C. AIDS is an autoimmune disease triggered by a homosexual lifestyle D. AIDS is caused by a virus that can be transmitted only by sexual contact

A. AIDS is caused by a retrovirus and transmitted through body fluids.

A nurse who works in an assisted living facility is preparing to teach the residents about safe sex practices. What resident criteria should the nurse take into consideration when creating a teaching plan? (Select all that apply.) A. Age B. Ethnicity C. Culture D. Sexual preference E. Mobility status

A. Age B. Ethnicity C. Culture D. Sexual preference

Which is important for cell attachment? (Select all that apply.) A. CD4 receptor B. CXCR4 C. gp120 D. CCR5 E. p17

A. CD4 receptor B. CXCR4 C. gp120 D. CCR5

Which drugs are used for the management of HIV? (Select all that apply.) A. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors B. DNA polymerase inhibitors C. Protease inhibitors D. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors E. CD4 analogs

A. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors C. Protease inhibitors D. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Which modes of transmission occur with HIV infection? (Select all that apply.) A. Sexual transmission B. Parenteral transmission C. Fomite transmission to intact skin D. Perinatal transmission to fetus E. Inhalant transmission

A. Sexual transmission B. Parenteral transmission D. Perinatal transmission to fetus

Which statement(s) are true regarding the HIV virus structure? (Select all that apply.) A. There are two strands of RNA B. The nucleocapsid or core is composed of p17 C. The gag gene encodes the core antigen proteins D. The pol gene encodes reverse transcriptase proteins E. Between the envelope and core is a protein layer called p24

A. There are two strands of RNA C. The gag gene encodes the core antigen proteins D. The pol gene encodes reverse transcriptase proteins

An HIV-positive patient is hospitalized for evaluation of symptoms of progressive weakness, dyspnea, weight loss, and low-grade fever. A biopsy of lung tissue reveals Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. This diagnosis means that the patient A. has AIDS. B. has less than 2 years to live. C. cannot be treated. D. was an intravenous drug abuser.

A. has AIDS.

What term refers to a cell's decreased ability to fight new infections? A. Virion B. Anergy C. Apoptosis D. Syncytium

B. Anergy

Opportunistic infections are a hallmark of HIV and AIDS. Which infections are considered opportunistic? (Select all that apply.) A. Acinetobacter B. Cytomegalovirus C. Candida albicans D. Pneumocystis carinii E. Clostridium difficile

B. Cytomegalovirus C. Candida albicans D. Pneumocystis carinii E. Clostridium difficile

Which statement(s) are true regarding postexposure prophylaxis? (Select all that apply.) A. All exposed individuals require a protease inhibitor drug regimen B. Prophylaxis for a significant exposure should be started immediately C. Postexposure medication treatment last at least 4 weeks, or even longer D. Two or more medications may be included in the medication regiment E. Exposure, sexual or otherwise, requires similar medication protocols

B. Prophylaxis for a significant exposure should be started immediately C. Postexposure medication treatment last at least 4 weeks, or even longer D. Two or more medications may be included in the medication regiment E. Exposure, sexual or otherwise, requires similar medication protocols

HIV infection causes immunodeficiency because it A. directly inhibits antibody production by B cells B. causes the destruction of T-helper cells C. causes excessive production of cytotoxic T cells D. blocks the ability of macrophages to present antigens

B. causes the destruction of T-helper cells

The HIV nurse educator teaches a newly diagnosed patient about HIV. The nurse educator tells the patient that in the United States, those at greatest risk of HIV infection include (Select all that apply.) A. infants born to infected fathers. B. heterosexual women. C. homosexual men. D. restaurant workers. E. men over age 50.

B. heterosexual women. C. homosexual men.

Which statement(s) are true regarding replication of the HIV virus? (Select all that apply.) A. Accuracy of transcription is poor with multiple mutations B. HIV viruses that enter the cells must be converted to double-stranded DNA C. The conversion of the DNA is made by the reverse transcriptase from the viral DNA D. The DNA is a template copied by the DNA polymerase to make a second DNA strand E. The process of HIV replication is responsible for the ineffectiveness of many antiviral drugs

A. Accuracy of transcription is poor with multiple mutations C. The conversion of the DNA is made by the reverse transcriptase from the viral DNA D. The DNA is a template copied by the DNA polymerase to make a second DNA strand E. The process of HIV replication is responsible for the ineffectiveness of many antiviral drugs

HIV can be transmitted by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Breast milk B. The aerosol route C. The exchange of saliva D. A mother, to the fetus, during delivery E. Sharing a hypodermic needle

A. Breast milk D. A mother, to the fetus, during delivery E. Sharing a hypodermic needle

Which type of HIV virus causes most infections in the United States and Europe? A. HIV type 1 B. HIV type 2 C. HIV type A D. HIV type B

A. HIV type 1

6. Which statement regarding either HIV-1 or HIV-2 is true? (Select all that apply.) A. HIV-1 is the causative organism for most AIDS diagnosed in the United States B. Both HIV-1 and HIV2 are similar in structure and function C. HIV-2 produces a milder form of the disease than HIV-1 D. The latency period of HIV-1 is shorter than HIV-2 E. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are found worldwide

A. HIV-1 is the causative organism for most AIDS diagnosed in the United States B. Both HIV-1 and HIV2 are similar in structure and function C. HIV-2 produces a milder form of the disease than HIV-1 E. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are found worldwide

Children with a diagnosis of HIV are prone to problems involving which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A. Height B. Weight C. Math skills D. Motor function E. Visual function

A. Height B. Weight C. Math skills D. Motor function

The CDC defines three CD4+ T-cell categories of T cell ranges. Which values are correct? (Select all that apply.) A. In category 1, the CD4+ T-cell count is greater than or equal to 500/mL B. In category 1, the CD4+ T-cell counts range from 200 to 499/mL C. In category 2, the CD4+ T-cell counts range from 200 to 499/mL D. In category 3, the CD4+ T-cell count is less than 200/mL E. In category 3, the CD4+ T-cell count is less than 300/mL

A. In category 1, the CD4+ T-cell count is greater than or equal to 500/mL C. In category 2, the CD4+ T-cell counts range from 200 to 499/mL D. In category 3, the CD4+ T-cell count is less than 200/mL

What condition is associated with initial HIV infection? A. Decreased CD8 T cells B. Flulike symptoms with rash C. Seroconversion within 3 to 6 days D. CD4 T-cell count less than 200 per µL

B. Flulike symptoms with rash

Which drug is a protease inhibitor? (Select all that apply.) A. Lamivudine (Epivir) B. Nelfinavir (Viracept) C. Atazanavir (Reyataz) D. Zidovudine (Retrovir) E. Fosamprenavir (Lexiva)

B. Nelfinavir (Viracept) C. Atazanavir (Reyataz) E. Fosamprenavir (Lexiva)

HIV infection of T-helper cells is facilitated by attachment of the viral envelope protein gp120 to A. CD8 proteins on suppressor cells B. reverse transcriptase. C. CD4 proteins on helper cells. D. the macrophage lipid bilayer

C. CD4 proteins on helper cells.