Patho chapter 5

Release of which of the following humoral factors will result in vasodilation?

Histamine

A patient with a history of heart failure has been referred for an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic test reveal the following findings: heart rate 80 beats per minute; end-diastolic volume 120 mL; end-systolic volume 60 mL. What is this patient's ejection fraction?

50%

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle tissue by being able to generate?

Action Potentials

A patient with a diagnosis of secondary hypertension has begun to experience signs and symptoms that are ultimately suggestive of decreased cardiac output. Which of the following factors that determine cardiac output is hypertension likely to affect most directly?

Afterload

Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic work-up, a patient has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of the following consequences?

Backflow from the left ventricle to left atrium

A patient has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the patient's peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon?

Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension.

Long-term autoregulation of local blood flow in the microcirculation is mediated by?

Collateral Circulation

A large increase in heart rate can cause what?

Decreased Stroke Volume

In the days following a tooth cleaning and root canal, a patient has developed an infection of the thin, three-layered membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis?

Endocarditis

Turbulent blood flow can be caused by a number of factors, including?

Increased Velocity

During ventricular systole, closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves coincides with?

Isovolumetric contraction.

Harmful effects on cardiac action potential are most likely to result from a deficit of which of the following electrolytes?

Potassium (K+)

A patient who lives with a diagnosis of angina pectoris has taken a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin to treat the chest pain he experienced while mowing his lawn. This drug has resulted in a release of nitric oxide, which will have what effect?

Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels

The tissue factor that contributes to humoral control of blood flow causing vasoconstriction is?

Serotonin

The difference between the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes is the

Stroke Volume

Which of the following factors is the primary governor of the local control of blood flow?

The nutritional needs of the tissue involved

The parasympathetic nervous system causes a slowing of the heart rate by increasing?

Vagus nerve activity

Preload represents the volume work of the heart and is largely determined by?

Venous Blood Return

A male patient with a history of angina has presented to the emergency department with uncharacteristic chest pain and his subsequent ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which of the following aspects of the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular repolarization

In the arterial-venous circulatory system, pressure is inversely related to?

Volume