Patho FINAL 100 questions

The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is

surfactant deficiency

Which diseases may be associated with a bleeding problem? (Select all that apply.)

-Renal failure - Cirrhosis - Systemic lupus erythematosus - Ovarian cancer

Right-sided heart failure is usually a consequence of (Select all that apply.)

-elevated right ventricular afterload. - right ventricular infarction.

Most gallstones are composed of

cholesterol

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizure (CNS dysfunction)

The main driving force for glomerular filtration is

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

The expected treatment of a pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum is

intravenous therapy

In comparison to triiodothyronine (T 3), the hormone thyroxine (T 4)

is more abundant in the circulation

The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have

metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis)

Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage

myasthenia gravis

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

nociception

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36.

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of

pancreatitis

The megakaryocyte is a precursor to

platelets

Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to

portal hypertension

Which viruses have been implicated as cancer-causing agents? (Select all that apply.)

- Epstein-Barr - Human T-cell leukemia - Human immunodeficiency

Dysrhythmias are significant since they (Select all that apply.)

- can indicate an underlying disorder. - can impair cardiac output.

Obstructive respiratory disorders include (Select all that apply.)

-asthma -chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (known as COPD) -bronchiectasis -obstructive sleep apnea.

Deficits in immune system function occur in cancer due to (Select all that apply.)

-chemotherapy -cancer cells -cancer metastasis to bone marrow -malnutrition

Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present with which manifestations? (Select all that apply.)

-unstable angina -MI -sudden cardiac arrest

Lack of alpha 1-antitrypsin in emphysema causes

Destruction of alveolar septa

Chronic pancreatitis may lead to

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with

Epstein-Barr virus

What form of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually?

Hepatitis B

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is

ST segment elevation

A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

Serum potassium

Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing

acute tubular necrosis

Absence of menstruation is called

amenorrhea

Somatic death refers to death

an entire organism

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection that migrates via the bloodstream

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

antiplatelet drugs

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to

hypotension

Respiratory acidosis is associated with

increased carbonic acid.

Empyema is defined as an

infection in the pleural space

Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with

inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to

inhibit clotting factor consumption.

A known cause of hypokalemia is

insulin overdose

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply

One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is

ischemic conditions

Renin is released from

juxtaglomerular cells

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the

kidney

A college student living in a dormitory, reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102° F. This information is most consistent with

meningitis

Barrett esophagus is a

preneoplastic lesion

Approximately two-thirds of the water and electrolytes filtered by the kidney are reabsorbed by the

proximal tubule

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

pulmonary stenosis

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

reduce cardiac output

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by

reduced cardiac output

Patients with acute pancreatitis are generally made NPO and may require continuous gastric suctioning in order to

remove the usual stimuli for pancreatic secretion.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition that

results from inadequate ADH secretion

Cor pulmonale refers to

right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension.

The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is

selective IgA

The glomerular filtration rate is most accurately reflected in the

serum creatinine level

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

severe hypotension

The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is

smoking

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to

soft tissue damage

Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the

spinal cord

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on

stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

tender point pain

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of what kind of prevention?

tertiary prevention

A(n) ________ is a stationary blood clot formed within a vessel or a chamber of the heart.

thrombus

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of the

tumor necrosis factor

The most common cause of urinary obstruction in male newborns and infants is

urethral valves

Pelvic floor muscle training is appropriate for

urge incontinence

In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is

urinary retention and reflux

An increased urine bilirubin is associated with

hepatitis

The most common types of uterine tumors are known as

Leiomyomas (benign fibroid tumors)

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina.

Prinzmetal variant

Which symptom suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?

heartburn

The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is highest in

a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.

Parkinson disease is associated with

a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra.

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection of the bone and tissue via the bloodstream, soft tissue, direct infection of the bone

Urge incontinence is often due to (Select all that apply.)

a. aging b. bladder c. obesity d. prostate enlargement e. diuretics. Ans. a, b, d, e

Croup is characterized by

barking cough

An early indicator of colon cancer is

Change in bowel habits

Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of

Intrinsic factor

Peripheral edema is a result of

Venous thrombosis

Endometriosis is a condition in which the presence of endometrial tissue outside the lining of the uterine cavity. T/F

True

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is caused by

absent or diminished levels of progesterone.

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.

acute

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction.

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

carbonic acid

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of

baroreceptor activity

It is true that encephalitis is usually

because of a viral infection in brain cells

Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with

bloody diarrhea

Cystic fibrosis is associated with

bronchiectasis

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

crystalloids

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from

decreased myoinositol transport

A potential risk factor for breast cancer includes

early menarche and late first pregnancy

A risk factor for osteoporosis is

early menopause

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (International Normalized Ratio) measure the integrity of

extrinsic pathway

The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is

fibrous adhesions (scar tissue)

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance.

Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a

fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV

It is true that polycystic kidney disease is

genetically transmitted

What type of fracture generally occurs in children?

greenstick