Ancient History - Chapters 3 and 4

What did Persia hope to gain by conquering the Greek city-states?

They wanted revenge

How does the war come to an end?

A plague wiped out a third of Athens population and weakened their defenses.

Tragedy

A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character

Sophocoles

Author of Oedipus Rex. Athenian general who fought in the Peloponnesian war and later wrote its history.

Eratosthenes

earth was round

Plato

higher world has always existed, made the Academy

How did Athen's growing power lead to conflict with Sparta?

how did Athens growing power lead to conflict with Sparta? after the defeat of the Persians, the Greek wold divided into to main camps, Athenian empire and Sparta. ... Sparta and Athens feared the growing Athens and a series of disputes led to the out break of the great peloponesian war.

Xerxes

led the Persian army against the Greeks to punish them; eventually is forced out of Greece. let military campaigns in Europe, Greece, and even in the Indus valley, conquering lands and expanding his empire; also improved the legal and economic system and conducted impressive construction projects across the Persian Empire.

Zeno

made Stoicism

philosophy

organized system of thoughts

Pheidippides

raced from Marathon where the Persians were defeated to Athens to announces, "Rejoice! We win!" He then dropped dead.

oracle

someone or something that can predict the future

Socrates

taught many pupils, Socratic method.

Zeus

King of the gods

What 2 things stopped Alexander's Conquests?

1- no supplies. 2 - Wounds and fever

What were the philosophical ideas that came out of ancient Greece?

"Love of Wisdom": Early Greek philosophers focused on the development of critical or rational thought about the nature of the universe. Sophists: Sophists argued that individual self-improvement was more important than speculating about the universe.

What were several significant battles in Alexander's conquest of the World and why were they significant?

- all the states of Asia Minor were part of Alexander's Empire. - first battle of two against Darius of Persia. - built on an island this is the most important of Persian naval bases.

Outline the 5 evens in the Persian Wars.

1 - Athenians won at Marathon. 2 - Sparta's 300 defended against Persia. 3 - Athenian fleet defeated Persian fleet. 4 - Delian League helps liverate all of Greek states in the Aegan.

What groundbreaking art and literature were produced during the classical period in Greece?

Architecture: The most important form of architecture was the temple, which housed statues of gods or goddesses and contained a treasury of gifts to the deity. The Parthenon: The Parthenon, on the acropolis of Athens, is regarded as the greatest example of the classical Greek temple. Sculpture: Greek sculptors focused on the human body, seeking to achieve a standard of ideal beauty. The ideal human form: The sculptor Polyclitus believed that the use of ideal proportions, based on mathematical ratios found in nature, could produce an ideal human form (not neccessarily realistic)

Epicurus

Area - Athens. Description - pursuit of happiness

Aristarchus

Area - Samos. Description - sun is at the center of the universe and the planets orbit it.

Archimedes

Area - Syracuse. Description - made pi and found out about water displacement

Pericles

Athenian who built a Greek navy to be ready for the next Persian invasion.

What were the battle plans of each side?

Athens was going to stay behind its city walls and Sparta surrounded to city hoping Athens would send its army out.

What were the major themes of early Greek drama?

Comedy and Tragedy

Aristotle

Created new fields of study

Aeschylus

Father of tragedy - composed the only complete trilogy in existence

Apollo

God of the sun and poetry

What were the traded goods of Athens?

Grains and traded wine and olive oil.

How was Alexander the Great able to unite with the Greeks to defeat the mighty Persian Empire?

He freed the Greeks from Persia and built them a capital in Egypt.

How did Aristotle create entire new fields of study?

He saw the form of something as part of that object and analysed and classified them.

What enduring political and cultural legacy did Alexander the Great leave?

He spread Greek culture and other tried to imitate his ways to create military monarchies.

What did Philip do as ruler of Greece?

He united all the Greek city-states under Macedonia.

Why would a slave remind the king to "remember the Athenians?"

He wanted to punish them for trying to revolt against him.

Describe the role of Pheidippides and his significance back then and now?

He was a runner. He ran the "marathon' from Marathon to announce the victory over Persia and now that is what today's marathon is based on.

Who are the two famous Greek historians? How did they differ from each other?

Herodotus and Thucydides. Thucydides saw war and politics as acts of humans, not gods. He emphasized the accuracy of his facts.

Define Hellenistic and explain what Hellenistic Kingdoms were.

It means to imitate Greeks. Hellenistic kingdoms were kingdoms that copied Greek culture.

What is the significance of the Parthenon?

It was dedicated to Athena, the goddess of Athens. It exemplifies classical architecture.

What was special about Greek sculpture?

It was meant to look peaceful and calm with unnecessary detail.

Why were the governmental developments under Pericles so important to world history?

It was one of the first democracies.

How was Greek religion an essential part of Greek society?

It was the center of architecture and sculpting and was the main point of many plays.

Croesus

King of Lydia who was very wealthy.

Who benefits most from the Greek Civil War?

Macedonia benefited most because it would later take over the Greek states while they were busy fighting each other.

What was teh Age of Pericles and what are some great things about it?

Period of time when Pericles ruled Athens. Direct democracy was created and lower class citizens could have a say in the government. Ostracism was created.

What was slavery like at this time in Athens?

Slavery was very common and almost everyone owned one.

Why did Alexander make certain to include all 3 groups (Macedonians, Greeks, and Persians) in his administration?

So none of them would rebel or get mad.

What were the major causes of the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta feared growth of the Athenian empire and a series of disputes lead to the war.

What is the significance of the Battle of Chaeronea?

The Greek empire was defeated and Philip was assassinated soon after leaving Alexander the throne.

The Persians the the defeat of Marathon as a minor setback. The Athenians, however, viewed it as a major victory. How do you account for the different points of view?

The Persians believed they could defeat the Athenians and they only lost one battle. The Athenians now knew that Persia could be defeated and gained a lot of hope.

In what ways did classical Greek culture reflect a search for perfection?

They wanted everything to be serene and peaceful. They looked for wisdom in everything and wanted to know all.

What did the Greek city-states do to defend themselves against Persian Invaders?

The athenians, spartans, and other greeks united by a common goal to defeat the persian invaders.

How did Hellenistic cities evolve into centers of culture?

The library in Alexandria became the largest in ancient times and was home to scholars of all kinds.

ostracisim

The method to protect against ambitious politicians. Athenians could write the name of a person they considered harmful on a pottery fragment. A person named by at least 6000 members was banned from the city for 10 years.

Battle of Marathon

The relatively small Athenian army faced a much larger Persian army and soundly defeated it. Although this was a minor defeat for the Persians, this victory proved to the Athenians that the Persians could be beaten and gave the Athenians new confidence in the city-state.

In what ways did Greek architecture and sculpture reflect their ideals of reason, moderation, balance, harmony, and beauty?

The sculptures were proportional and showed calmness and serenity. Even the sculptors showed relaxed attitudes.

How did an oracle communicate the will of the gods?

They delivered puzzling messages that could be interpreted in many ways.

What actions did the ancient Greeks take to help keep the gods and goddesses happy?

They had festivals and athletic events and had an oracle to learn their will.

What was Themistocles idea to defend Athens?

They made a navy.

Why was the expansion

They were happier because they got a say in government and it helped rebuild the city, it was the center of Greek culture, and influenced democracies of today. ... Taught that only smart people should be in government.

What enduring legacy did the battle of Marathon leave for future generations?

Today's marathon is based on the runner's journey to Athens.

Polyclitus

__________ developed a set of rules for constructing the ideal human figure, which he laid out his treatise The Canon.

Plataea

a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks in 479 BC

Delian League

a much larger Persian fleet attacked the small Athenian ships; however, the Athenians soundly defeated the Persians and Xerxes had to retreat to Persia.

Battle of Guagamela

this battle brought to Alexander the control of the rest of Persian Empire

Socratic Method

way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves