Patho Final
An early indicator of colon cancer is
a change in bowel habits
A Barrett esophagus is
a preneoplastic lesion
Achalasia
absence of peristalsis in a portion of the esophagus
An urgent surgical consult is indicated for the patient with acute abdominal pain and
absent bowel tones
Combined dysphagia with both solids and liquids is typical of
achalasia
A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen, positive anti-HB core IgM, and negative anti-HB surface IgG should be interpreted as _____ hepatitis B.
acute
The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is
adhesions
Liver transaminase elevations in which aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is greater than alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by a 2:1 ratio is characteristic of
alcohol-induced injury
Which of the following enzymes is proteolytic?
chymotrypsin
In which of the following cases would it be inappropriate to manage dyspepsia with an empiric trial of an H2 blocke
concomitant dysphagia
Histamine antagonists may be used in the management of peptic ulcer disease to
decrease hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion
An increase in ADH secretion occurs in response to
dehydration
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?
diffuse through cell membranes to activate intracellular receptors
The release of prolactin is normally inhibited by
dopamine
Hemochromatosis is a common genetic disorder that may lead to chronic liver failure. Which of the following laboratory data would support a diagnosis of hemochromatosis?
elevated ferritin
The structure and secretions of the salivary gland most closely resemble those of the
exocrine pancreas
A reduction in lower esophageal sphincter tone helps reduce gastroesophageal reflux.
false
Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are two types of irritable bowel syndrome.
false
Distention of the cecum results in relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter.
false
Diverticulitis usually is asymptomatic.
false
Hepatitis A and hepatitis C are transmitted through contaminated food and water.
false
In general, activation of sympathetic nerves to the GI tract increases motility and secretion.
false
Liver cancer usually is a primary cancer arising from hepatic cells.
false
Most pituitary hormones are carried in the bloodstream bound to protein carrier molecules.
false
Oxytocin and ADH are secreted in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones.
false
Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency is characterized by hyperpigmentation due to excessive secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormones.
false
TSH passes directly through the cell membrane and binds to intracellular receptors.
false
The longitudinal layer is composed of striated muscle, whereas the circular layer is composed of smooth muscle.
false
A silent abdomen 3 hours after bowel surgery most likely indicates
functional bowel obstruction
Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of
gastric ulcer
Most endocrine hormones are water soluble and exert their effects on target cells by
generating second messengers
Which of the following can be absorbed through the intestinal epithelia without further digestion?
glucose
Which of the following symptoms suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?
heartburn
An increased urine bilirubin is associated with
hepatitis
Bile is manufactured by
hepatocytes
Diverticulosis
herniations in the bowel wall
A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is
hypoatremia
Normally secretion of growth hormone is suppressed by all of the following except
hypoglycemia
Myxedema coma is a severe condition associated with
hypothyroidism
An increase in serum osmolality would be expected to _____ secretion.
increase vasopressin
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with
increased blood ammonia levels
Up-regulation of target cell receptors results in
increased target cell responsiveness to hormone
Growth hormone has several effects on the body, including
increasing lean body mass
Esophageal varices may develop as a complication of liver disease. Pathophysiologically, this condition can be attributed to
portal hypertension
A patient receiving thyroid replacement hormone for primary hypothyroidism who has a low TSH should have a(n)
reduction in hormone replacement dose
Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism
result from decreased serum ionized calcium
Diabetes insipidus is a condition
resulting from inadequate ADH secretion
Growth hormone excess in adults
results in the condition of acromegaly
The primary stimulus for pancreatic secretion is
secretin
Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the
small intestine
Clinical manifestations of Graves disease may include
tremor
A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency would have a high serum ACTH.
true
Esophagitis pain is similar in location and pattern to myocardial chest pain.
true
Gastric emptying is inhibited by high fat concentrations in the duodenum.
true
Hepatitis A is a self-limiting infection that does not have a chronic carrier state.
true
Hepatitis C is a chronic condition in about 85% of cases.
true
Hypoglycemia is a potent stimulus for growth hormone secretion.
true
Liver transaminases are increased in the serum when hepatocytes are injured.
true
Long-term administration of glucocorticoids leads to adrenocortical atrophy.
true
Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications and infection with Helicobacter pylori are causative factors in peptic ulcer disease.
true
Releasing and inhibiting hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland through portal veins.
true
Secretion of most hormones is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
true
The finding of exophthalmos is indicative of Graves disease.
true
The myenteric plexus lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
true
Which of the following hormones is regulated by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus?
ACTH
Which of the following forms of viral hepatitis is likely to be transmitted sexually?
Hepatitis b
Acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of
appendicitis
Graves disease is
associated with autoantibodies to TSH receptors
A patient who should be routinely evaluated for peptic ulcer disease is one who is
being treated with high-dose oral glucocorticoids
Pancreatic secretions are high in
bicarbonate ions
Which of the following findings should prompt further diagnostic testing in a child presenting with diarrhea?
blood and mucus in the stools
Hepatitis B is usually transmitted by exposure to
blood or semen
Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with
bloody diarrhea
Which of the following findings would rule out a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea?
bloody stools
Which of the following clinical findings would suggest an esophageal rather than an oropharyngeal cause of dysphagia?
chest pain during meals
Which of the following is associated with relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?
cholecystokinin
Fecal leukocyte screening would be indicated in a patient with suspected
inflammatory bowel disease
Celiac sprue is a malabsorptive disorder associated with
inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods
Propylthiouracil may be used to treat hyperthyroidism because it
inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis
Brush-border enzymes are produced by _____ cells.
intestinal epithelial
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
is inhibited by iodine deficiency
In comparison to triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
is more abundant in circulation
Which of the following statements regarding pepsin is true?
it is secreted as an inactive proenzyme
Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called
kernicterus
Jaundice is a common manifestation of
liver disease
All of the following would stimulate secretion from gastric parietal cells except
norepinephrine
Which of the following hormones is not released from the anterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin
Odynophagia
painful swallowing
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
An example of a secondary endocrine disorder is
pituitary hyper secretion of TSH
Absorption of glucose and amino acids across the intestinal epithelium occurs by
sodium-dependent carriers
Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release
somatomedins
Encopresis
stasis and involuntary leakage of stool
Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach would
stimulate motility
A primary endocrine disorder occurs when
the target gland is unresponsive to pituitary regulation.
An example of a lipid-soluble hormone is
thyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones is highly bound to carrier proteins in the bloodstream?
thyroid hormones
Most of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract is supplied by the
vagus nerves
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases
water reabsorption in the collecting tubule of the kidney