Patho Final

While reviewing the medical record of a client with a skin disorder, the nurse finds the term "lichenification" in the record. Which symptom would the nurse anticipate to assess in this client?

A hardening or thickening of the skin with markings

After multiple follow-up visits, a nurse finds that a client who has otitis media has not improved using an initial treatment regimen. The nurse finds that the client has persistent otitis media for 12 weeks. What test will likely be ordered for this client?

A tympanostomy

Pain starts in the umbilical area then gradually becomes localized to right lower quadrant of abdomen; called McBurney's point; Extreme tenderness of right lower quadrant

Appendicitis

The nurse is performing a physical examination on a client with a suspected musculoskeletal disorder. What is the first nursing intervention during the examination?

Assessing general appearance, contour, and symmetry

What is the diagnostic finding of psoriasis?

Auspitz sign

Which part of the brain regulates cardiac and respiratory functions?

The medulla oblongata

After an assessment, the nurse discovers a ringworm infection on the client's hand. What should the nurse document in the client's medical record?

Tinea manus

Why is it important to hospitalize a child with Reye syndrome in the intensive care unit, even if the child is conscious?

To monitor the child's level of consciousness

Only affects the large intestine, Affects from rectum continually upward into colon, Only affects upper layers of intestinal wall (mucosa and submucosa), Pseudopolyps seen on examination of the colon, predispose to colon cancer

Ulcerative colitis

Which test is most important in diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis?

X-ray

What will a positive sereology panel for celiac disease show?

a positive antibody titer of IgA antitissue transglutaminase (IgA TTG)

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

The nurse is caring for a client with degenerative disc disease (DDD). Which outcome indicates effective chiropractic therapy?

The client's discs are realigned.

A registered nurse is teaching about the medications for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to a group of student nurses. Which statement of a student nurse indicates the need for further teaching?

"Alpha-blockers reduce the size of the prostate."

A registered nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about gout. Which statement made by a student nurse indicates effective learning?

"Estrogen protects against hyperuricemia."

Which statement made by a client with musculoskeletal inflammation makes the nurse suspect polymyalgia rheumatica?

"I feel stiffness in my shoulders and upper arms during the morning hours."

The registered nurse is teaching about the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to student nurses. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates effective learning?

"NAFLD is linked to metabolic syndrome."

The registered nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about terminologies used to describe skin lesions. Which statement made by the student nurse indicates a need for further teaching?

"The loss of epidermal and dermal tissue is called telangiectasia."

A nurse is teaching care measures to be followed by a client who has otitis externa. Which instruction by the nurse would be most beneficial to the client?

"You should use ear plugs while you are bathing."

Which instruction should the nurse provide to a client who is prescribed an anticholinergic drug for symptomatic relief of Parkinson's disease?

"You should watch out for side effects such as dry mouth and double vision after taking the medication."

Which level of sound intensity can result in hearing loss in clients?

90 decibels (any sound above 85 D)

Which treatment would a nurse expect to be beneficial in a client diagnosed with Lyme disease?

A 10- to 21-day course of doxycycline

An 8-year-old child diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson syndrome is admitted to the hospital. Which symptom should the nurse find in this child?

A bull's eye lesion

Adrenal insufficiency causes ______________, which classically presents with weight loss, weakness, and severe hypotension.

Addison's disease

A nurse is caring for a client with gout. Which medication in the client's prescription does the nurse suspect to decrease uric acid synthesis?

Allopurinol

Which diagnostic test is most preferred to detect liver cancer?

Alpha-fetoprotein test

A client complains of pain and immobility of the wrist. On assessment, the nurse finds decreased range of motion (ROM), edema, and ecchymosis of the distal radius. The primary health-care provider recommends a neurovascular exam for confirmation. What does the nurse infer from these findings?

The client has a Smith fracture.

The laboratory reports of a client who had an accident show a fracture in the temporal bone of the middle ear. Which type of fracture should the nurse suspect in this client?

Basilar skull fracture

A client is diagnosed with condyloma acuminata. Which test should the nurse expect will be beneficial to detect the viral genome?

Biopsy

While assessing the eye of a client, the nurse finds that the skin around the eye is flaking, and the client has greasy eyelids that appear scaly. What does the nurse interpret from these findings?

The client has blepharitis.

Irritation to the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine by a pathogen or toxin. The disease can occur from a virus, bacteria, parasite, or chemical toxin. It is transmitted from person to person or can be a waterborne or foodborne illness.

Gastroenteritis

Which endocrine disorder involves treatment using antithyroid hormone medication such as propylthiouracil (PTU)?

Grave's disease

Autoimmune stimulation of the thyroid gland, excess levels of T3 and T4 because of thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies

Graves Disease

bacterial organism that erodes the gastric mucosa to cause peptic ulcer disease

H. pylori

Which laboratory test can assess a client's blood to rule out the possibility of ovarian cancer?

Carcinoembryonic antigen 125 (CA-125)

A client has painful, swollen eyelids and complains of severe pain on exposure to sunlight. The primary health care provider prescribes surgical excision for the client. Which eye infection is present in the client?

Chalazion

While teaching a group of student nurses about various musculoskeletal disorders, the nurse states, "This syndrome occurs when tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure in a closed anatomic space." Which syndrome is the nurse describing?

Compression syndrome

Which diagnostic test should the primary health care provider order to get the most accurate information related to appendicitis?

Computerized tomography scan

small wartlike lesions that are raised, flat, or shaped like cauliflower

Condyloma acuminate

Can affect any part of the GI tract, from mouth to anus, Affects GI tract with skip lesions; healthy tissue interrupted by areas of diseased tissue, Cobblestoning seen on examination of the colon

Crohns disease

Low ACTH and high cortisol, androgen, and aldosterone levels occur in primary hyperadrenalism.

Cushing's disease

a tumor of the pituitary gland that produces large amounts of ACTH that results in excessive cortisol production

Cushing's disease

Which disorder is caused by an increase in the hormones that are secreted from the adrenal gland?

Cushing's syndrome

The nurse is caring for a client with immune mediated type 1 diabetes. What would the nurse expect to be the cause for this condition in the client?

The client has destruction of beta cells.

After reviewing the medical records of a 35-year-old female client, the nurse concludes that the client has metabolic syndrome. Which findings helped the nurse to reach this conclusion?

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol of 40 mg/dL, blood pressure of 138/90 mm Hg, and fasting blood glucose level of 130 mg/dL

a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system, causes classic symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, including ptosis (lid droop), enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit), anhidrosis (dry eye), sweating, and miosis (small pupil)

Horner's syndrome

A client who underwent laryngotomy presented with depression, increased sensitivity to cold, and constipation. On assessment, the nurse finds a puffy face and periorbital edema. The blood report shows a high TSH level. What does the nurse interpret from the findings?

The client has hypothyroidism.

While caring for a client with an autoimmune skin disorder, the nurse observes a red-colored, butterfly-patterned lesion over the client's nose and cheeks. After reviewing the skin biopsy reports, the nurse also finds deposits of IgM immunoglobulin in the lesions of the client. Which skin disorder should the nurse expect to find in the medical record of this client?

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Which cardiac defect in children is characterized by clubbing of the fingers?

Tetralogy of fallot

While reviewing the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports of a client who has a hearing impairment, a nurse finds the presence of a tumor that is associated with the auditory nerve. On further assessment, the nurse finds that the client is positive for the Romberg test. What should the nurse anticipate in the client?

The client has vestibular schwannoma.

Morning fasting hyperglycemia can also be related to nocturnal elevations of growth hormone, which raises blood glucose. This syndrome occurs without nocturnal hypoglycemia and is known as the

Dawn Phenomenon

While reviewing the case file of an older client, a nurse finds that the client's vitamin B12 deficiency is untreated. Which change in the nervous system does the nurse suspect to cause gait instability and paresthesias in the client?

Demyelination of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

disorder of hypopituitarism that originates in the posterior pituitary, also called the neurohypophysis. The disorder involves ADH, and there are two categories of disease: central, which occurs because of a lack of secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary, and nephrogenic, which occurs when the kidney fails to respond to ADH

Diabetes Insipidus

occurs when the undigested contents of the stomach are transported, or "dumped," into the small intestine too rapidly; characteristic feature: diaphoresis

Dumping syndrome

Which diagnostic test will the nurse anticipate from the primary health-care provider to confirm ventricular hypertrophy in a client with coarctation of the aorta (COA)?

Electrocardiogram

A child with coarctation of the aorta (COA) is scheduled for a chest x-ray. Which observation in the x-ray report confirms the condition?

Inverted 3 sign

Which is the autoimmune disorder that manifests as dry eye?

Keratoconjunctivitissicca

While reviewing the laboratory reports of a client, a nurse finds an increased volume of endolymph fluid in the inner ear. On further examination, the nurse finds that the client is positive for the Romberg test. Which pathological condition should the nurse anticipate in the client?

Meniere's disease

A female client tells a nurse, "I have excessive bleeding that lasts for more than 7 days every time I menstruate." Which menstrual disorder does the nurse suspect in the client?

Menorrhagia

excess menstrual blood loss; menses that last longer than 7 days

Menorrhagia

Excessive uterine bleeding, both at the usual time of menstrual periods and at more frequent intervals

Metrorrhagia

What virus often causes gastroenteritis?

Norovirus

Irregular periods with long spans of time between periods

Oligomenorrhea

After assessment of a client, the nurse finds that the client has blurred vision and swelling of the optic disc. What does the nurse interpret from this finding?

Papilledema

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for the governing of proprioception?

Parietal lobe

most common cause of Cushing's disease

Pituitary adenomas

A 45-year-old client has impaired vision and has just started using reading glasses. Which vision impairment is present in the client?

Presbyopia

What is PTU?

Propylthiouracil, Used to treat too much thyroid hormone or Grave's disease

What is the risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

Protein malnutrition

While reviewing an x-ray of the fingers of a client, the nurse observes that the end of the bone was whittled down to a sharp point. Which musculoskeletal disorder does the nurse suspect in the client?"

Psoriatic arthritis

Arthritis that produces pain swelling redness and heat in the joints. It is one of a family of arthritic disorders affecting the spine. Commonly involves the joints of the spine and the sacroiliac joints areas where the spine attaches to the pelvis

Reiters syndrome

A child's mother tells the nurse, "Recently, my child is lethargic, delirious, confused and always complains of sleeplessness." The nurse palpates the child's abdomen and finds that the liver is enlarged. Which disorder will the nurse suspect in the child?

Reye syndrome

A common condition in patients who sustain brain injury or those who undergo neurosurgery for brain disorders. The syndrome is characterized by hyponatremia and hypo-osmolality of the blood that result from excessive secretion or action of ADH.

SIADH

While reviewing the medical record of a client with a skin disorder, the nurse finds a history of onycholysis. Which symptom should the nurse expect to find in this client?

Separation of the nails from the nail beds

Which diagnostic test will help the nurse to confirm pancreatitis in the client?

Serum amylase test

This syndrome of nocturnal hypoglycemia with rebound morning fasting hyperglycemia is known as the

Somogyi effect

After assessing a client, a nurse finds that the client has a growth of cancer cells in the bladder, rectum, and other parts of the body. Which stage of cervical cancer should the nurse expect in the client?

Stage IV

H. pylori studies are done when __________ are suspected

peptic ulcer

In _________________ there is an excessive secretion of hypothalamic TRH, which causes excess secretion of TSH, T3, and T4. Both secondary and tertiary hyperthyroidism are uncommon

tertiary hyperthyroidism

WHO definition of bone health

• Normal: BMD is within 1 SD of the mean bone density for young adult women (T score at -1 and above). • Low bone mass (osteopenia): BMD is between 1 and 2.5 SD below the mean for young adult women (T score between -1 and -2.5). • Osteoporosis: BMD is 2.5 SD or more below the normal mean for young adult females (T score at or below -2.5). • Severe or "established" osteoporosis: BMD is 2.5 SD or more below the normal mean for young adult females (T score at or below -2.5) in a patient who has already experienced one or more osteoporotic fractures. The WHO definition applies to postmenopausal women and men aged 50 years or older.