Patho Midterm Questions

Which ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid molecules needs to occur for proper pH balance within a person's body? - 1 bicarb to 1 carbonic - 20 bicarb to 1 carbonic - 1 bicarb to 20 carbonic - 10 bicarb to 1 carbonic

20 bicarb to 1 carbonic

Which person is MOST at risk for developing a pulmonary embolism? -25 yr old with asthma -42 yr old with a broken arm -28 yr old who is immobilized for 1 week -67 yr old with DVT in the femoral vein

67 yr old with DVT in the femoral vein

Which finding, discovered while the nurse review arterial blood gas results, indicates an adult person with normal arterial blood pH? -2.0 -5.5 -7.4 -8.0

7.4

Which person will be MOST at risk for reactivation of TB infection? -a male - a female who overused antibiotics - a female who drank contaminated water -a male with HIV

A male with HIV

Which condition would cause primary glomerular injury resulting in glomerulonephritis? -an infection -systemic lupus -diabetes mellitus -congestive heart failure

An infection

Which term would the nurse use to describe the collapse of a person's previously inflated area of lung tissue? Aspiration Atelectasis Bronchiolitis Bronchiectasis

Atelectasis (collapsed lung)

Which clinical condition will result in changes in the integrity of the arterial walls and small blood vessels?

Atherosclerosis

A client with known peripheral arterial disease calls the clinic and tells the nurse about experiencing several symptoms. Which symptom requires the most rapid action by the nurse?

Chest pain

Which mechanism would cause clubbing? -Chronic hypoxemia -chronic hypocapnia -chronic hypercapnia -chronic hyperventilation

Chronic hypoxemia

Which condition that can lead to a kidney failure would the nurse suspect in a person who has a recurrent kidney infection that results in progressive inflammation, leading to tubule destruction? -acute cystitis -chronic pyelonephritis -functional incontinence -painful bladder syndrome

Chronic pyelonephritis

Which clinical manifestation will the nurse expect to observe when assessing a person during an acute asthma episode? Select all that apply -coughing -bradycardia -expiratory wheezing -foul-smelling sputum -use of accessory breathing muscles

Coughing Expiratory wheezing Use of accessory breathing muscles

Which clinical manifestation will the nurse typically find when a person is experiencing acute hypoxemia? Select all that apply -Clubbing -Cyanosis -Tachycardia -Heightened alertness -Decrease renal output

Cyanosis tachycardia Decreased renal output

Which assessment finding is characteristic of acute kidney injury? Select all that apply -paresthesia -crystals in the urine -increased serum calcium -decreased glomerular filtration -accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

Decreased glomerular filtration Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

Which condition would cause the nurse to carefully monitor a person for signs of metabolic acidosis? -Diarrhea for over a week -Paralysis of the respiratory muscles - vomiting over a 3-day period -depression of the respiratory center

Diarrhea for over a week

Which clinical manifestation may the nurse observe upon assessment of a person who is admitted with pleural effusion? Select all that apply -Dyspnea -pleural pain -mediastinal shift -expiratory grunting -decreased breath sounds

Dyspnea Pleural pain Mediastinal shift Decreased breath sounds

Which common clinical manifestation will a nurse observe upon assessment of a person with emphysema? Select all that apply -Dyspnea -Cyanosis -Wheezing -Barrel chest -Chronic hyperventilation

Dyspnea Wheezing Barrel Chest

Which assessment finding is typical of both cystitis and pyelonephritis? -dysuria -fever and chills -suprapubic pain -costovertebral angle tenderness

Dysuria (painful urination)

Which finding is common upon assessment of a person who has severe glomerulonephritis? Select all that apply - edema -hematuria -proteinuria -hypotension -smoking brown-tinged urine

Edema Hematuria Proteinuria Smokey brown-tinged urine

Which disease would the nurse include when teaching about examples of COPD? Select all that apply -asthma -pneumonia -emphysema -chronic bronchitis -pulmonary fibrosis

Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

A client with a recent history of head trauma is at risk for orthostatic hypotension. Which assessment finding(s) observed by the nurse would relate to this diagnosis?

Fainting Weakness Lightheadedness

Which sign would the nurse expect to assess in a person with dyspnea? Select all that apply -acute cough -flaring of the nostrils -clubbing of fingers -retraction of intercostal spaces -use of accessory muscles of respiration

Flaring of the nostrils Retraction of intercostal space Use of accessory muscles in respiration

What pathophysiologic mechanism causes the urine to be full of protein in nephrotic syndrome? -renal tubules are full of cellular debris -liver is extremely active in synthesizing protein -many glomeruli have been destroyed by autoantibodies from immune system - glomerular filtration of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, exceeds tubular reabsorption

Glomerular filtration of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, exceeds tubular reabsorption

After a spontaneous pneumothorax, a client's assessment findings include extreme drowsiness, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The nurse suspects which condition?

Hypercapnia

Which laboratory result does the nurse expect in a person who is experiencing hypoventilation? -hypocapnia -hypercapnia -respiratory alkalosis - elevated D-dimer levels

Hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide in the blood - occurs in hypoventilation)

Which condition will increase serum calcium and, thus, increase the risk of renal stone formation? Select all that apply -acidic urine -hypocalcemia -hyperparathyroidism -prolonged immobilization -increased intestinal absorption of calcium

Hyperparathyroidism Prolonged immobilization Increased intestinal absorption of calcium

Which condition can cause chronic kidney disease? Select all that apply -Infection -Hypertension -Diabetes mellitus -Chronic pyelonephritis -Toxic injury to kidney cells -Acute bladder neck obstruction

Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Chronic pyelonephritis

Which term would the nurse use to describe the condition of a person who has a reduced PaO2? -hypoxia -hypoxemia -hemoptysis -hematemesis

Hypoxemia

Which statement indicates a client understands transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

I can contract HIV by particpating in oral sex HIV is contracted by using contaminated needles Babies can contract HIV because of contact with maternal blood during birth

Which explanation will the nurse give when a client asks about what causes varicose veins?

Incompetent valves of superficial veins

Which breathing pattern would a nurse expect when a person begins to develop metabolic acidosis? -increased rate and shallow depth -decreased rate and shallow depth -increased rate and increased depth -decreased rate and increased depth

Increased rate and increased depth

Which pathophysiologic event would the nurse consider while planning care for a person with asthma who has been exposed to an allergen? Select all that apply -inflammation -mucosal edema -pulmonary edema -bronchoconstriction -decreased surfactant

Inflammation Mucosal edema Bronchoconstriction

Which finding does the nurse anticipate seeing during the assessment with metabolic acidosis? -hypoventilation -Kussmaul respirations -Cheyne-Stokes respirations -paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Kussmaul respirations

A client is hospitalized with emphysema. The nurse recognizes the importance of assessing for clinical indicators of hypoxia based on which condition associated with the disease?

Loss of aerating surface

Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find in a client who has acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection? Select all that apply

Malaise Swollen lymph glands

Which finding in a client with asthma exacerbation requires the most rapid action by the nurse?

Markedly decreased breath sounds

Which information regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct? Select all that apply -usually bilateral -may cause flank pain -symptoms include hematuria -granular cell tumors have the best prognosis -early stages produce a large abdominal mass

May cause flank pain Symptpoms include hematuria

An arterial blood gas report indicated the client's pH is 7.25, PaCO2 33 mm Hg, and HCO3- is 20 mEq/L. Which disturbance would the nurse identify based on these results?

Metabolic Acidosis

Which condition is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma? Select all that apply -obesity -cigarette smoking -exposure to allergens -uncontrolled hypertension -low dietary intake of sodium

Obesity Cigarette smoking Uncontrolled hypertension

Which assessment finding would initiate a diagnosis of post renal acute kidney injury? -blood loss -hypovolemia -obstruction -nephron damage

Obstruction

Which assessment finding is common in the early stages of acute kidney injury? -obliguria -diuresis -hematuria -proteinuria

Oliguria (decreased urine output)

Which information indicates the nurse has a correct understanding of pulmonary fibrosis? Select all that apply -lung compliance is increased -most common form is the diffuse pulmonary fibrosis -one cause may be formation of scar tissue after active pulmonary disease -primary symptom of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is increasing dyspnea on exertion (DOE) -hypoxemia may be caused by decreased diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary membrane

One cause may be formation of scar tissue after active pulmonary disease Primary symptom of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is increasing DOE Hypoxemia may be caused by decreased diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary membrane

How would the nurse document a drop in blood pressure when a client moves rapidly from a lying to a standing position?

Orthostatic hypotension

The nurse will use which term to document a person's report of waking at night and gasping for air? Orthopnea Hypocapnia Cheyne-stokes respirations Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Which condition will cause the nurse to use the term "dyspnea"? - person has feelings of SOB -person does not use accessory breathing muscles -person demonstrates decreased work of breathing -person has improvement of symptoms with exercise

Person has feelings of SOB

Which interpretation is correct for the finding shown in the following image? (shows clubbing) - person has hyperventilated -person with chronic hypoxemia -person with peripheral cyanosis -person has an acute respiratory infection

Person with chronic hypoxemia

Which term would the nurse use to best describe an accumulation of fluid in a person's pleural space? -pleurisy -flail chest -lung abscess -pleural effusion

Pleural effusion

Which diagnosis is MOST likely in a person who presents with several hours of anuria with flank pain, followed by polyuria? -prerenal acute kidney injury -intrarenal acute kidney injury -ultrarenal acute kidney injury -postrenal acute kidney injury

Post renal acute kidney injury

Which condition is a possible cause of upper urinary tract obstruction? Select all that apply -renal calculi -hypertension -hypocalcemia - ureteral blockage -retroperitoneal fibrosis -renal artery thrombosis

Renal calculi Ureteral blockage Retroperitoneal fibrosis

•pH 7.16; CO2 69 and HC03 23

Respiratory Acidosis

What acid/base imbalance would the nurse suspect? pH 7.55 PaCO2 30 Bicarbonate 24

Respiratory alkalosis

Which person would the nurse assess for hypocapnia? Select all that apply -one that is hypoventilation -one that has severe anxiety -one with respiratory alkalosis -one with acute head injury -one that has a depressed respiratory center

Severe anxiety Respiratory alkaloisis Acute head injury

Which organism is MOST likely to be responsible for acute glomerulonephritis? - Klebsiella -Streptococcus -Escherichia coli -Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Which assessment finding by the clinic nurse who is caring for a client with chronic bronchitis is most important to communicate to the health care provider?

Temperature 101.8 F

A nurse assess a person who has a history of asthma and is admitted to the ER with extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, and use of accessory muscles. The nurse does not hear any wheezing. The child's chest is silent in many areas. In which way would the nurse interpret this assessment? -The person probably has consolidated pneumonia, and the nurse should start oxygen immediately -Because there is no wheezing, it is clear that the child does not have asthma, but the nurse should start oxygen immediately anyway -The person's signs and symptoms are consistent with asthma, so the nurse should start oxygen and verify that the stethoscope is working -The person is having a severe asthma episode with closed airways, so the should start oxygen and obtain additional medical professionals immediately

The person is having a severe asthma episode with closed airways, so the should start oxygen and obtain additional medical professionals immediately

Which information will the nurse include when educating a person regarding the diagnosis of pneumothorax? -the presence of air in the pleural space -the presence of pus in the pleural space -the presence of liquid in the pleural space -the presence of blood in the pleural space

The presence of air in the pleural space

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most responsible for the immune mechanisms associated with glomerulonephritis? -Type I -Type III -delayed -immediate

Type III

The arterial blood gases for a client with acute respiratory distress are pH 7.30, PaCO2 55 mm Hg, and HCO3 23 mEq/L. How would the nurse interpret these findings?

Uncompensated respiratory acidosis

Which person would have obstructed urine flow? Select all that apply -one with urethral stricture -one with an overactive bladder -one with prostate enlargement -one with severe pelvic organ prolapse -one with low bladder wall compliance

Urethral Stricture Prostate enlargement Severe pelvic organ prolapse

Which assessment findings would indicate a possible asthma exacerbation?

Wheezing Tachycardia

When emphysema results from an inherited a1- antitrypsin disorder which patient assessment and history data are usually found by the nurse? Select all that apply -older than 40 years of age -history of cigarette smoking -younger than 40 years of age -no history of cigarette smoking -elevated levels of a1- antitrypsin -decreased levels of a1- antitrypsin

Younger than 40 No history of cigarette smoking Decreased levels of a1-antitrypsin