Patho Midterm Questions
Which ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid molecules needs to occur for proper pH balance within a person's body? - 1 bicarb to 1 carbonic - 20 bicarb to 1 carbonic - 1 bicarb to 20 carbonic - 10 bicarb to 1 carbonic
20 bicarb to 1 carbonic
Which person is MOST at risk for developing a pulmonary embolism? -25 yr old with asthma -42 yr old with a broken arm -28 yr old who is immobilized for 1 week -67 yr old with DVT in the femoral vein
67 yr old with DVT in the femoral vein
Which finding, discovered while the nurse review arterial blood gas results, indicates an adult person with normal arterial blood pH? -2.0 -5.5 -7.4 -8.0
7.4
Which person will be MOST at risk for reactivation of TB infection? -a male - a female who overused antibiotics - a female who drank contaminated water -a male with HIV
A male with HIV
Which condition would cause primary glomerular injury resulting in glomerulonephritis? -an infection -systemic lupus -diabetes mellitus -congestive heart failure
An infection
Which term would the nurse use to describe the collapse of a person's previously inflated area of lung tissue? Aspiration Atelectasis Bronchiolitis Bronchiectasis
Atelectasis (collapsed lung)
Which clinical condition will result in changes in the integrity of the arterial walls and small blood vessels?
Atherosclerosis
A client with known peripheral arterial disease calls the clinic and tells the nurse about experiencing several symptoms. Which symptom requires the most rapid action by the nurse?
Chest pain
Which mechanism would cause clubbing? -Chronic hypoxemia -chronic hypocapnia -chronic hypercapnia -chronic hyperventilation
Chronic hypoxemia
Which condition that can lead to a kidney failure would the nurse suspect in a person who has a recurrent kidney infection that results in progressive inflammation, leading to tubule destruction? -acute cystitis -chronic pyelonephritis -functional incontinence -painful bladder syndrome
Chronic pyelonephritis
Which clinical manifestation will the nurse expect to observe when assessing a person during an acute asthma episode? Select all that apply -coughing -bradycardia -expiratory wheezing -foul-smelling sputum -use of accessory breathing muscles
Coughing Expiratory wheezing Use of accessory breathing muscles
Which clinical manifestation will the nurse typically find when a person is experiencing acute hypoxemia? Select all that apply -Clubbing -Cyanosis -Tachycardia -Heightened alertness -Decrease renal output
Cyanosis tachycardia Decreased renal output
Which assessment finding is characteristic of acute kidney injury? Select all that apply -paresthesia -crystals in the urine -increased serum calcium -decreased glomerular filtration -accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood
Decreased glomerular filtration Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood
Which condition would cause the nurse to carefully monitor a person for signs of metabolic acidosis? -Diarrhea for over a week -Paralysis of the respiratory muscles - vomiting over a 3-day period -depression of the respiratory center
Diarrhea for over a week
Which clinical manifestation may the nurse observe upon assessment of a person who is admitted with pleural effusion? Select all that apply -Dyspnea -pleural pain -mediastinal shift -expiratory grunting -decreased breath sounds
Dyspnea Pleural pain Mediastinal shift Decreased breath sounds
Which common clinical manifestation will a nurse observe upon assessment of a person with emphysema? Select all that apply -Dyspnea -Cyanosis -Wheezing -Barrel chest -Chronic hyperventilation
Dyspnea Wheezing Barrel Chest
Which assessment finding is typical of both cystitis and pyelonephritis? -dysuria -fever and chills -suprapubic pain -costovertebral angle tenderness
Dysuria (painful urination)
Which finding is common upon assessment of a person who has severe glomerulonephritis? Select all that apply - edema -hematuria -proteinuria -hypotension -smoking brown-tinged urine
Edema Hematuria Proteinuria Smokey brown-tinged urine
Which disease would the nurse include when teaching about examples of COPD? Select all that apply -asthma -pneumonia -emphysema -chronic bronchitis -pulmonary fibrosis
Emphysema Chronic bronchitis
A client with a recent history of head trauma is at risk for orthostatic hypotension. Which assessment finding(s) observed by the nurse would relate to this diagnosis?
Fainting Weakness Lightheadedness
Which sign would the nurse expect to assess in a person with dyspnea? Select all that apply -acute cough -flaring of the nostrils -clubbing of fingers -retraction of intercostal spaces -use of accessory muscles of respiration
Flaring of the nostrils Retraction of intercostal space Use of accessory muscles in respiration
What pathophysiologic mechanism causes the urine to be full of protein in nephrotic syndrome? -renal tubules are full of cellular debris -liver is extremely active in synthesizing protein -many glomeruli have been destroyed by autoantibodies from immune system - glomerular filtration of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, exceeds tubular reabsorption
Glomerular filtration of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, exceeds tubular reabsorption
After a spontaneous pneumothorax, a client's assessment findings include extreme drowsiness, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The nurse suspects which condition?
Hypercapnia
Which laboratory result does the nurse expect in a person who is experiencing hypoventilation? -hypocapnia -hypercapnia -respiratory alkalosis - elevated D-dimer levels
Hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide in the blood - occurs in hypoventilation)
Which condition will increase serum calcium and, thus, increase the risk of renal stone formation? Select all that apply -acidic urine -hypocalcemia -hyperparathyroidism -prolonged immobilization -increased intestinal absorption of calcium
Hyperparathyroidism Prolonged immobilization Increased intestinal absorption of calcium
Which condition can cause chronic kidney disease? Select all that apply -Infection -Hypertension -Diabetes mellitus -Chronic pyelonephritis -Toxic injury to kidney cells -Acute bladder neck obstruction
Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Chronic pyelonephritis
Which term would the nurse use to describe the condition of a person who has a reduced PaO2? -hypoxia -hypoxemia -hemoptysis -hematemesis
Hypoxemia
Which statement indicates a client understands transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
I can contract HIV by particpating in oral sex HIV is contracted by using contaminated needles Babies can contract HIV because of contact with maternal blood during birth
Which explanation will the nurse give when a client asks about what causes varicose veins?
Incompetent valves of superficial veins
Which breathing pattern would a nurse expect when a person begins to develop metabolic acidosis? -increased rate and shallow depth -decreased rate and shallow depth -increased rate and increased depth -decreased rate and increased depth
Increased rate and increased depth
Which pathophysiologic event would the nurse consider while planning care for a person with asthma who has been exposed to an allergen? Select all that apply -inflammation -mucosal edema -pulmonary edema -bronchoconstriction -decreased surfactant
Inflammation Mucosal edema Bronchoconstriction
Which finding does the nurse anticipate seeing during the assessment with metabolic acidosis? -hypoventilation -Kussmaul respirations -Cheyne-Stokes respirations -paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Kussmaul respirations
A client is hospitalized with emphysema. The nurse recognizes the importance of assessing for clinical indicators of hypoxia based on which condition associated with the disease?
Loss of aerating surface
Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find in a client who has acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection? Select all that apply
Malaise Swollen lymph glands
Which finding in a client with asthma exacerbation requires the most rapid action by the nurse?
Markedly decreased breath sounds
Which information regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct? Select all that apply -usually bilateral -may cause flank pain -symptoms include hematuria -granular cell tumors have the best prognosis -early stages produce a large abdominal mass
May cause flank pain Symptpoms include hematuria
An arterial blood gas report indicated the client's pH is 7.25, PaCO2 33 mm Hg, and HCO3- is 20 mEq/L. Which disturbance would the nurse identify based on these results?
Metabolic Acidosis
Which condition is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma? Select all that apply -obesity -cigarette smoking -exposure to allergens -uncontrolled hypertension -low dietary intake of sodium
Obesity Cigarette smoking Uncontrolled hypertension
Which assessment finding would initiate a diagnosis of post renal acute kidney injury? -blood loss -hypovolemia -obstruction -nephron damage
Obstruction
Which assessment finding is common in the early stages of acute kidney injury? -obliguria -diuresis -hematuria -proteinuria
Oliguria (decreased urine output)
Which information indicates the nurse has a correct understanding of pulmonary fibrosis? Select all that apply -lung compliance is increased -most common form is the diffuse pulmonary fibrosis -one cause may be formation of scar tissue after active pulmonary disease -primary symptom of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is increasing dyspnea on exertion (DOE) -hypoxemia may be caused by decreased diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary membrane
One cause may be formation of scar tissue after active pulmonary disease Primary symptom of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is increasing DOE Hypoxemia may be caused by decreased diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary membrane
How would the nurse document a drop in blood pressure when a client moves rapidly from a lying to a standing position?
Orthostatic hypotension
The nurse will use which term to document a person's report of waking at night and gasping for air? Orthopnea Hypocapnia Cheyne-stokes respirations Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Which condition will cause the nurse to use the term "dyspnea"? - person has feelings of SOB -person does not use accessory breathing muscles -person demonstrates decreased work of breathing -person has improvement of symptoms with exercise
Person has feelings of SOB
Which interpretation is correct for the finding shown in the following image? (shows clubbing) - person has hyperventilated -person with chronic hypoxemia -person with peripheral cyanosis -person has an acute respiratory infection
Person with chronic hypoxemia
Which term would the nurse use to best describe an accumulation of fluid in a person's pleural space? -pleurisy -flail chest -lung abscess -pleural effusion
Pleural effusion
Which diagnosis is MOST likely in a person who presents with several hours of anuria with flank pain, followed by polyuria? -prerenal acute kidney injury -intrarenal acute kidney injury -ultrarenal acute kidney injury -postrenal acute kidney injury
Post renal acute kidney injury
Which condition is a possible cause of upper urinary tract obstruction? Select all that apply -renal calculi -hypertension -hypocalcemia - ureteral blockage -retroperitoneal fibrosis -renal artery thrombosis
Renal calculi Ureteral blockage Retroperitoneal fibrosis
•pH 7.16; CO2 69 and HC03 23
Respiratory Acidosis
What acid/base imbalance would the nurse suspect? pH 7.55 PaCO2 30 Bicarbonate 24
Respiratory alkalosis
Which person would the nurse assess for hypocapnia? Select all that apply -one that is hypoventilation -one that has severe anxiety -one with respiratory alkalosis -one with acute head injury -one that has a depressed respiratory center
Severe anxiety Respiratory alkaloisis Acute head injury
Which organism is MOST likely to be responsible for acute glomerulonephritis? - Klebsiella -Streptococcus -Escherichia coli -Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Which assessment finding by the clinic nurse who is caring for a client with chronic bronchitis is most important to communicate to the health care provider?
Temperature 101.8 F
A nurse assess a person who has a history of asthma and is admitted to the ER with extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, and use of accessory muscles. The nurse does not hear any wheezing. The child's chest is silent in many areas. In which way would the nurse interpret this assessment? -The person probably has consolidated pneumonia, and the nurse should start oxygen immediately -Because there is no wheezing, it is clear that the child does not have asthma, but the nurse should start oxygen immediately anyway -The person's signs and symptoms are consistent with asthma, so the nurse should start oxygen and verify that the stethoscope is working -The person is having a severe asthma episode with closed airways, so the should start oxygen and obtain additional medical professionals immediately
The person is having a severe asthma episode with closed airways, so the should start oxygen and obtain additional medical professionals immediately
Which information will the nurse include when educating a person regarding the diagnosis of pneumothorax? -the presence of air in the pleural space -the presence of pus in the pleural space -the presence of liquid in the pleural space -the presence of blood in the pleural space
The presence of air in the pleural space
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most responsible for the immune mechanisms associated with glomerulonephritis? -Type I -Type III -delayed -immediate
Type III
The arterial blood gases for a client with acute respiratory distress are pH 7.30, PaCO2 55 mm Hg, and HCO3 23 mEq/L. How would the nurse interpret these findings?
Uncompensated respiratory acidosis
Which person would have obstructed urine flow? Select all that apply -one with urethral stricture -one with an overactive bladder -one with prostate enlargement -one with severe pelvic organ prolapse -one with low bladder wall compliance
Urethral Stricture Prostate enlargement Severe pelvic organ prolapse
Which assessment findings would indicate a possible asthma exacerbation?
Wheezing Tachycardia
When emphysema results from an inherited a1- antitrypsin disorder which patient assessment and history data are usually found by the nurse? Select all that apply -older than 40 years of age -history of cigarette smoking -younger than 40 years of age -no history of cigarette smoking -elevated levels of a1- antitrypsin -decreased levels of a1- antitrypsin
Younger than 40 No history of cigarette smoking Decreased levels of a1-antitrypsin
