patho prepu final part 2
Which statement is true about treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip?
Treatment needs to be individualized.
What would be the best response to the mother of two teens who have been diagnosed with scabies?
"One of your children probably had direct contact with an infected person."
The faculty member knows the student understands the function of bone cells when the student states:
"Osteoblasts are bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone."
A client with rosacea should be educated that in addition to the "blush appearance" on the face, she should also assess for which additional complications? Select all that apply.
Eye problems Edema of the eyelids
Which factor is genetically determined and primarily responsible for dark skin tone?
High production of melanin
When assessing a client with rheumatoid arthritis, which statement about joint involvement is mostaccurate?
Involvement is symmetric and polyarticular, initially starting in the fingers, hands, and wrists.
An 81-year-old resident of an elder care facility is immobile and has been restricted to her bed for the past 6 weeks. Her physician recently discovered a decubitus ulcer on her left buttock. Which etiology is most likely?
Ischemia from prolonged pressure
A client with a spinal cord injury has experienced contractures and destructive changes in the joints of the lower extremities. The nurse determines which of the following is the most likely cause?
Loss of proprioception and reflex control of the muscles
While getting up out of bed for the first time after surgery, a client reports feeling dizzy and faint. Which condition is the client most likely experiencing?
Orthostatic intolerance
Bone formation occurs in two stages. Which stage involves the formation of prebone or unmineralized bone?
Ossification
Following a fall, an 83-year-old male has fractured his femoral head. His care provider has stated that the healing process is occurring at a reasonable pace, and that the man will regain full function after healing and rehabilitation. Which cells are most responsible for restoring the integrity of the man's broken bone?
Osteoblasts
A client has developed increased resorption of bone with removal of mineral content. This is most likely the result of:
Osteoclasts
Which statements are true regarding bone remodeling? Select all that apply.
Osteoclasts gradually remove dead bone. Mineralized bone is present along the lines of the injury.
The nurse is assessing a client's skin and notices a few papules. What is the best description to include in the assessment about papules?
Small, raised superficial lesions
Pruritis, or the itch sensation, is a by-product of almost all skin disorders. However, we can itch without having a skin disorder. Itch then can be local or central in our bodies. Where is it postulated that a central "itch center" exists?
Somatosensory cortex
The health care provider is assessing a client with a history of ankylosing spondylitis to note progression of the disease. On which area of the body will the provider focus the assessment?
Spine
A nurse comes upon a automobile accident where smoke and flames are coming from the car's engine. What would be the nurse's first priority in this situation?
Stop the fire or remove the person from the vehicle
Which person is most at risk for hip fractures?
66-year-old white female with history of alcohol use disorder
Which statement about temperature regulation and skin is accurate?
Arteriovenous anastomoses between an artery and a vein within the skin layer are important for temperature regulation.
Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease of connective tissue that is characterized by hardening of the skin. What symptoms do most people with scleroderma develop? Select all that apply.
Calcinosis Raynaud phenomenon
A client asks the nurse if drinking more milk will prevent the release of calcium from her bones. The best response by the nurse would be that the release of calcium from the bone into the extracellular fluid is regulated by:
Calcitonin
While discussing hormonal control of bone formation, one should note that which hormone lowers blood calcium levels and decreases bone resorption?
Calcitonin
The nurse is assessing a client who sustained a fractured radius. A cast was applied to the extremity approximately 1 hour ago, and the client is now complaining of increased pain and numbness to the finger tips. The client is most likely experiencing:
Compartment syndrome
The basement membrane separates the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue. Which function does it play regarding skin disorders like blister formation?
Complement deposition
The nurse is caring for several clents with symptoms of chronic fatigue. Which manifestation does not correlate with a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)?
Cough with blood-tinged sputum
The nurse is assessing a client for osteoarthritis (OS) of the knee. Which should the nurse consider to be expected findings? Select all that apply.
Crepitus Limitation of motion Quadricep atrophy Localized pain
Which diagnostic finding has been strongly linked to systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Elevated anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)
Which activity is most likely to create a spiral fracture?
Falling on a ski hill with bindings that do not release
A nurse educator is instructing students on the importance of a skin assessment to help identify underlying systemic disease. Which assessments are correctly correlated to the identified disease? Select all that apply.
Malar rash associated with systemic lupus erythematosus Bronze skin associated with Addison disease Jaundice associated with liver disease
Which individual is at greatest risk for osteoarthritis?
Male, age 75
A client sustains a musculoskeletal injury of the wrist. Which manifestation would the nurse expect to accompany the strain?
Pain and stiffness
A client is being seen in the dermatology clinic for a follow-up appointment for a second-degree full-thickness burn. What are characteristics of second-degree burns? Select all that apply.
Painful Blistered Mottled, pink red
Which hormone increases the number and resorptive function of "bone-chewing" cells?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A client presents with a rash on the face and arms. It is primarily flat with a few areas that are raised. The nurse would document the flat lesions that are greater than 1 cm in diameter as being which type of lesion?
Patches
Which of the following covers bones and has an inner layer that contains osteoprogenitor cells?
Periosteum
A client has a stage III pressure ulcer in the sacral area. What factors can contribute to the development of pressure ulcers? Select all that apply.
Pressure Shearing force Friction
What topic should health promotion initiatives emphasize if the target audience is parents of young children?
Preventing unintentional falls
Which are considered functions of the skin? Select all that apply.
Protection against physical injury Protection from an invasion of microbes Synthesis of vitamin D
What disease has primary lesions that have a silvery scale over thick red plaques?
Psoriasis vulgaris
Which action could result in pressure ulcer formation?
Pulling a stroke client up in bed
The nurse assessing a client with scleroderma with CREST variant would include an assessment for:
Raynaud's phenomenon.
In assessing a client's integumentary system, what assessment finding does the nurse report as "normal"?
Sweat glands in the axillae
A client sustains a musculoskeletal injury of the left ankle. In addition to pain, which clinical manifestations would accompany a sprain? Select all that apply.
Swelling Discoloration Limited movement Heat
Most of the skin's blood vessels are innervated by which component of the nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system
The provider diagnoses the client with a rheumatic disorder after the client states he is having joint pain. The provider explains that which joint is most frequently affected by this disorder?
Synovial
Most joints in the body are what types of joints?
Synovial joints
Which client should be seen first?
The client with an avulsion
A client with a history of osteoarthritis in his hip, which he refers to as "bad hip," is also complaining of knee pain. The physiologic principle behind this would include the fact that:
all joints of an extremity are innervated by the same peripheral nerves as they travel down the limb.
When trying to explain the advantages of using an emollient over other products to a client suffering from dry skin, the nurse will emphasize that emollients:
can replenish the oils on the skin surface because they contain fatty acids.
When describing the covering on bones to the students, the instructor asks, "Why is periosteum an important part of the bone covering?" The student responses should mention which of the following? It:
contains blood vessels that assist with providing nutrition to bone tissue.
Select the statement that best describes a synovial or diarthrodial joint. The joint:
moves freely.
The skin is richly supplied with arteriovenous anastomoses in which blood flows directly between an artery and a vein, bypassing the capillary circulation. This particular vascular structure allows a client to:
regulate body temperature.
A nurse educator is teaching students about the layers of the skin. Which layer is commonly referred to as prickle cells?
Stratum spinosum
Which characteristics of a cherry angioma should be considered suspicious?
Sudden collection of several papules
The joint capsule in a diarthrodial joint consists of two layers. Which of the following is one of these layers?
Synovium
A nurse is caring for a client admitted with a malar rash on the nose and cheeks. The nurse recognizes that this rash is characteristic of which disease process?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
A young adult is going on vacation to a sunny climate and plans on using a tanning booth to build up a protective tan. Which instructions should the nurse provide to the young adult?
Tanning booths should be avoided under all circumstances.
A biology class is discussing blood flow directions and the role of arteries and veins. The professor says, "The skin is the only place where there is a direct anastomosis between an artery and a vein." What is the purpose for this type of blood flow in the skin?
Temperature regulation
A nurse is caring for a client who injured her knee while playing basketball. Tests reveal a torn connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. Based on this finding, the nurse prepares to teach the client about which anatomical structure that is injured?
Tendons
Cancellous bone is relatively light. What does its latticelike structure give it?
Tensile strength
What is the source of nutrition for the epidermis?
The dermis
A nurse educator is preparing an education module on the dermis layer of the skin for the nursing staff. Which statements should be included in the module? Select all that apply.
The dermis is the connective tissue layer. The pink color of light skin results primarily from blood in the vessels of the dermis. The glandular structures are embedded in this layer.
What skin disease manifests with lesions on the skin and oral lesions that look like milky white lacework?
Lichen planus
A nurse is caring for a client who twisted his ankle while running. Tests reveal damaged connective tissue that connects the movable bones of the joint. Based on this finding, the nurse prepares to teach the client about which anatomical structure that is injured?
Ligaments
Which diagnoses in a client's medical history increase the risk of osteonecrosis? Select all that apply.
Rheumatoid arthritis Sickle cell disease Systemic lupus erythematosus Vasculitis
The client with a suspected diagnosis of osteoarthritis asks the health care provider, "How will this diagnosis be confirmed?" Which response is most appropriate?
Physical examination and x-ray studies
Magnetic resonance imaging of a client's knee has revealed the presence of bursitis. The nurse should anticipate performing which intervention for bursitis?
Placing an ice pack on the knee to decrease swelling
A client is being seen in the dermatologist clinic for psoriasis. What term should the nurse select in the electronic health record (EHR) to describe the client's lesions associated with psoriasis?
Plaques
Each joint capsule has tendons and ligaments. What are the tendons and ligaments of the joint capsule sensitive to?
Position and movement
A client was diagnosed with Salmonella 1 week ago and is now experiencing joints that are warm, swollen, and tender; fever; and weight loss. What possible interpretation of these manifestations will the health care provider make?
Reactive arthritis
A client with a compound fracture of the femur is in balanced skeletal traction. Which assessment data must be reported immediately?
Redness and heat at fracture site
When assessing a client with acute gout, for which of these signs and symptoms does the nurse assess? Select all that apply.
Redness and swelling of the affected joint Pain and swelling in one joint Intake of alcohol
Select the layer of dermis characterized by a complex meshwork of three-dimensional collagen bundles interconnected with large elastic fibers.
Reticular dermis
The student nurse is reviewing a client chart in preparation for a clinical experience. The student sees the term nummular to describe the client's lesion. What would describe a nummular lesion?
Round, coin-like
A client has a burn that involves the entire epidermis and various degrees of the dermis. It is painful, moist, and blistered. The nurse recognizes the burn as:
Second-degree partial thickness
The joint capsule consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovium. What does the inner synovium do to facilitate movement?
Secretes synovial fluid
The client has been diagnosed with chronic osteomyelitis in his leg. The hallmark feature of this disorder is:
Sequestrum
A provider notes a rash on an adult's left thigh that consists of small, fluid-filled blisters following along a dermal tone. The client reports noticing the area burned and tingled. The provider likely will diagnose these signs and symptoms as being which type of infection?
Shingles
Select the statement that best describes skin disorders.
Skin color may influence the appearance of the skin disorder.
An adolsescent, who is an athlete, asks the health care provider, "Why do I now have such awful body odor? What has changed in my body?" Which response is the best reply?
"Apocrine sweat glands open through a hair follicle and secrete an oily substance that mixes with bacteria on the skin, producing body odor."
The client asks, "What is reduction?" How will the nurse respond?
"It refers to realigning the bone."
A nursing instructor is teaching students about skin structure. The instructor evaluates student knowledge of the epidermis based on which statement?
"Keratinized epithelial cells formed in the deepest layer of the epidermis migrate to the skin surface to replace cells that are lost during normal skin shedding."
What information would the nurse include when teaching potential parents about prevention of congenital deformities? Select all that apply.
"Limit exposure to alcohol." "Do not take any medication without first talking to your health care provider."
A client recently diagnosed with an injury to the articular cartilage of the knee asks the nurse how long it will take the injury to heal. Which statement is the best response from the nurse?
"Regeneration of most cartilage is slow. These injuries can take a long time to heal."
The nurse has just finished teaching a client newly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis about the disease. The nurse determines that teaching is effective when the client states:
"Rheumatoid arthritis includes joint involvement that is usually symmetric and polyarticular."
A child is suspected of having flexible "flat feet" based on a physical assessment. When explaining this condition to the parents, what would be the best explanation of the etiology?
"Your child's condition is a result of loose ligaments in the feet."
While explaining to a client about the various forms and function of connective tissue, the nurse gives the example of a repair of a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is due to which tissue problem?
A dense, regular connective tissue tear that is usually rich in collagen fibers that allows ligaments to join bone to bone
A nurse is caring for four clients. Select the client most at risk for the development of a pressure ulcer.
A 72-year-old undernourished female who recently underwent thigh surgery
Which individual is likely to have the highest risk of developing tuberculosis osteomyelitis?
A 79-year-old man who is immunocompromised following a bone marrow transplant.
A parent brings his child to the emergency department after the child sustains a fall from a tree. The child has severe right arm pain. A radiograph shows a complete break in the humerus with multiple pieces of bone at the fracture line and the skin is not broken. This type of fracture is classified as:
A closed, comminuted fracture
Which term is correctly linked with its definition?
A corn is a keratinous thickening of skin.
Which client presenting to the emergency department would most likely be diagnosed with a pathologic stress fracture?
A postmenopausal female who was diagnosed with breast cancer with metastasis to bone
A man's primary care physician has characterized his skin lesion as being a temporary eruption but has cautioned him against repeated rubbing or scratching to avoid lichenization. What is the most likely categorization of the man's skin lesion?
A rash
Which client would be considered high risk for falling and fracturing the hip?
An 81-year-old woman taking medication for osteoporosis
A client is seen in the primary care office with eczema. What is the best description to include in the electronic medical record about the skin assessment?
An acute, red, itchy, vesicular crusted lesion
Which clients should the nurse assess to determine if they have premature osteoporosis?
Anyone with an eating disorder.
A client suffers a musculoskeletal injury while participating in a sporting event. Which treatment is most appropriate initially?
Applying ice and sitting out the rest of the game
Which structure would likely be present in a hair follicle in a man's groin but not in a follicle on his face?
Aprocrine gland
Which statement concerning blood flow to the skin is true?
Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin regulate temperature
A client has been instructed to increase vitamin D in the diet. What foods will the nurse make certain are included in the diet?
Baked fish and whole milk
What is a priority concern for a client who has a hip dislocation?
Blood supply to the femoral head
The nurse has completed an assessment of a client and noted a hyperkeratotic plaque of skin that resulted from chronic pressure or friction. The nurse would document this as:
Callus
A group of student nurses are reviewing the bones in the human body. What is the term for spongy bone?
Cancellous
The student is studying the types of mature bones. The spongy bone found in the interior of bones and composed of spicules is:
Cancellous
A gymnastics student hurts the ankle and is diagnosed with a torn cartilage. The health care worker states it may take months for this injury to heal. What is the basic physiologic reason behind the prolonged recovery of cartilage?
Cartilage lacks blood vessels.
An adult man has been brought to the emergency department with severe electrical burns. Which assessment finding leads the providers to suspect the brain has been damaged with this burn?
Confusion, memory loss, and lethargy
What term describes an injury to the soft tissue of the body?
Contusion
In science class, a group of sixth-graders are "freaked out" when they learn that nails grow continuously and are the end product of which component?
Dead cells pushed outward from the nail matrix
A 70-year-old female client comes to the clinic with back pain. An x-ray reveals vertebral fractures and she is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which factor most likely contributed to her condition?
Decreased estrogen levels
When a nurse assesses a client with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), which manifestation does the nurse recognize is part of the CREST variant syndrome rather than the systemic type of this disorder?
Dermal thickening proximal to wrists
A child with strep throat is given a prescription for pencillin. After the first dose, the parents call to report the development of a skin rash. Which skin lesion discription leads the provider to discontinue the medication and encourage them to seek help if the child has trouble breathing?
Elevated, irregular mass of varying sizes
During the first two decades of life, the skeleton undergoes general overall growth. Select the structure that promotes this process.
Epiphyseal growth plate
Which cause of pressure injuries (decubitus injuries or bedsores) impairs the flow of blood in the capillary beds?
External pressure
The client develops osteomyelitis that has originated from infectious organisms that reach the bone through the bloodstream. This is known as which type of osteomyelitis?
Hematogenous
A client has fractured the sternum when the chest hit the steering wheel during an accident. Which statement most accurately describes the physiologic function of bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow.
An older adult client presents with noted burning pain along the thoracic region with a tingling sensation and extreme sensitivity of the skin to touch, but there is no rash present at this time. Which skin problem will the health care provider interpret for this client?
Herpes zoster
A basketball player fell awkwardly, which resulted in a tear to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The school nurses will anticipate the player to exhibit which clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.
Intense pain Edema (swelling) of the knee
The nurse is explaining to a client that there are "cushions" in his back to absorb any jarring movement of the spine. Which anatomical structure is the nurse referring to?
Intervertebral disks
A client has tendonitis. What will the nurse teach the client about this disorder?
It is caused by overuse.
Which statements are true regarding a synarthrosis? Select all that apply.
It is connected to bone by hyaline cartilage. It has little or no range of motion.
The health care provider has just completed a skin assessment on a client. The client asks what causes the numerous freckles that she has. The best response is:
Localized collections of eumelanin contribute to the development.
A client expresses concern to the nurse about an area of skin on the chest that has recently turned white and was diagnosed as vitiligo. Which principle best explains the cause of vitiligo to the client?
Melanocytes are destroyed, leading to a complete absence of melanin pigment.
Select the cells of the epidermis that are responsible for providing sensory information.
Merkel cells
Which are the sparsest cells in the epidermis?
Merkel cells
The nurse is assessing an Asian client who presents with pigmented birthmarks on the buttocks and sacral area. The nurse would document this assessment as:
Mongolian spots
Which of these is a characteristic of impetigo?
Most common superficial bacterial infection
The nurse is caring for a child who presented to the emergency department with multiple fractures in various stages of healing all over the body. The nurse collaborates with the physician on care for a client with which potential condition?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lamellar bone is the bone tissue that is found in the adult body. What is lamellar bone largely composed of?
Osteons
A client presents with sudden onset of deep, localized pain and swelling in the proximal femur while undergoing diagnostic workup for suspected lung cancer. The nurse suspects the client may have developed which type of neoplasm of the skeletal system?
Osteosarcoma
The nurse caring for a child with a deficiency of vitamin D knows that the deficiency places the child at risk for:
Rickets
When assessing a child for clinical manifestations of oligoarticular arthritis, the health care provider will base the diagnosis on which clinical findings?
Right knee is warm and painful when putting it through normal range of motion.
When teaching a group of nursing students about rheumatic disorders, a nurse emphasizes which important differences when caring for the older adult?
Risk for falls
The nurse notices that a child appears to have flatfoot and determines that additional assessment is needed. Which assessment finding would meet criteria for flatfoot?
Talus points medially
A client has experienced trauma of the musculoskeletal structure that connects muscle to bone. The nurse would document this as which type of injury?
Tendon
A client presents with a fracture of a short bone. What is the most likely location of the client's fracture?
The wrist or ankle
The client has an extra-articular condition. How does the nurse explain this diagnosis?
There is a problem outside of a joint.
Which clinical manifestation would lead the health care provider to diagnose the sunburn as severe?
There is blistering of the skin and associated fever and chills.
Which statement about nevi (common moles) is true?
They are an elevated, palpable, solid mass with a circumscribed border.
A client has a fracture of an epiphysis. How will the nurse explain this fracture?
This is a fracture of the end of the bone.
Which skin disorder is likely to result from the localized lack of melanin production by melanocytes?
Vitiligo
An older adult client has recently been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. The nurse should focus assessment on which aspects?
Weight and nutritional status
A client with a fractured clavicle is told that the bone will heal well if immobilized for the next 6 to 8 weeks, but there will be a large "bump" where the break occurred. This bump will be caused by:
formation of a bony callus.
A client tells the nurse she is very concerned because the health care provider informed her that her fractured arm is healing with malunion. The nurse recognizes this as:
healing with deformity, angulation, or rotation that is visible on x-ray films.
A client with a parathyroid tumor has elevated calcium levels and low vitamin D levels. The provider suggests that the client get 15 to 20 minutes of unprotected sunlight per day, if possible. How will the provider explain why this intervention will help raise vitamin D levels for this client?
"A substance called 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to an inactive form of vitamin D by UV rays from the sun."
The parents of a child diagnosed with rheumatic disease are shocked by the diagnosis and tell the nurse that they did not think children could acquire the disease. The best response would be:
"Children can be affected with almost all of the rheumatic diseases that occur in adults."
Which information is important for the nurse to teach the female client about the development of osteoporosis?
"Estrogen deficiency contributes to the development of osteoporosis."
A client recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) tells the nurse she is glad there is nothing "really wrong with her" besides some joint swelling. Which information should the nurse tell the client about RA?
"Extra-articular manifestations may include anemia and deformities of the affected joints."
A child arrives to the outpatient clinic with a high fever of 103°F (39.5°C). The parents have the child wrapped in many blankets to "keep thim warm, since the child is shivering." What is the rationale for the health care provider to educate the parents that less blankets will help the child more?
"Fever dilates vessels and results in sweating, the purpose of the eccrine sweat glands. Too many blankets are counterproductive and will actually help the temperature to go higher."
A client has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). What will the nurse tell the client about this disorder's etiology?
"Genetic predisposition is very likely."
A client presents with an exacerbation of psoriasis. The most important question for the nurse to ask the client would be:
"Have you been under an excessive amount of stress at home or at work?"
A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about the presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which statement is the nurse likely to make?
"More women than men are affected by lupus."
A nurse is teaching the parent of a child with a diagnosis of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease about the prescribed treatment. Which statement by the parent indicates adequate understanding?
"My child will need to use crutches until the hip heals."
A nurse is evaluating the progress of a client with chronic fatigue syndrome. Which statement by the client indicates successful symptom management?
"My schedule includes yoga and a weekly club meeting."
The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA). What does the nurse teach the client about the disease?
"OA is a disease of the weight-bearing joints."
A postmenopausal female comes to the clinic for a checkup. What does the nurse tell the client about her chances of having osteoporosis?
"Postmenopausal osteoporosis is often caused by an estrogen deficiency."
A nursing faculty member is explaining the function of red bone marrow to students. Which statement made by a student indicates that teaching was successful?
"Red bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation."
The nursing instructor is teaching about osteoporosis and tells students that reduced physical activity can contribute to the loss of bone mass. What does the nurse tell the students is the rationale for this?
"Reduced physical activity increases the rate of bone loss, as mechanical forces are important stimuli for normal bone remodeling."
A month after surgical repair of a rotator cuff tear of the shoulder, a client tells the nurse, "This is not getting any better. I still have a lot of pain and limited motion." Which response by the nurse is most accurate?
"The shoulder joint is complex and can take up to 6 months to heal depending on the injury."
A nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with osteoarthritis about the joint capsule. Which statement made by the client indicates that teaching was successful?
"The synovial fluid in my joint capsule acts as a lubricant and helps the movement of the joint's articulating surfaces."
What should the nurse teach the client about the diagnosis of "primary skin disorder"?
"This disorder is caused by a virus, bacteria, or fungus that invades the skin."
A client shows the nurse an area on his arm where he has repeatedly been giving insulin injections to himself. The nurse feels the area and the skin appears to be thin. The nurse feels a "valley" or indentation in the area. What would the nurse tell the client?
"This is an area of atrophy."
A couple has just learned their neonate is diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta, and they ask, "What caused our child to get this disease?" What should the health care provider teach the couple about their neonate's condition?
"This is something that your child may have inherited from one or both or you."
A client with new-onset herpes zoster (shingles) asks the nurse, "Why is this rash just on my face?" Which response by the nurse is most accurate?
"This virus was reactivated and travels from the gangila to the skin of the corresponding single spinal nerve like your face."
A nurse is caring for a client with a fractured elbow. Which instruction is important to give the client to prevent cartilage degeneration while the elbow is immobilized?
"To prevent cartilage atrophy, slowly and gradually resume exercising."
The nurse determines that additional client education is needed when a client with gout makes which statement?
"When I have an exacerbation of my symptoms, a glass of red wine will be helpful."
What should the nurse include in the teaching plan for a client with a grade 4 sprain?
"You will need to keep your joint immobilized for 4 to 6 weeks."
Most of the body's hair follicles are paired with which anatomical part?
A sebaceous gland
A client presents with a skin infection in which the health care provider uses a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation and the Wood (UV) light to determine the cause. Which type of infection does this client most likely have?
A superficial fungal infection
The health care provider is evaluating a client with a suspected benign bone tumor. Which description on the radiology results correlates with this finding?
A uniform and well-defined area with well-demarcated edges
A client is experiencing severe pain in his back to the point of being immobile and running a temperature. The client also has swelling in his lower back (vertebrae). Following biopsy, the results show spinal tuberculosis. The nurse will anticipate explaining which priority intervention to this client?
Administer the four-drug antimicrobial medications
The health care provider is caring for a client diagnosed with an osteosarcoma who asks, "What does this mean?" Which response best describes the diagnosis?
Aggressive; malignant bone tumor
A nurse is caring for a client who has systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). Which of the following causes the disease?
Autoimmune process
Which statement about bone mass and older adults is accurate?
Bone resorption and formation are no longer perfectly coupled, and bone mass is lost.
A client with confirmed low bone density asks the nurse if there is anything she can to decrease the risk of trauma. The best response would be:
Brisk walking three times per week on a flat surface
What are the closed sacs that are formed from the synovial membrane (but are not part of the joint) called?
Bursae
The skin covers the body, and it is exposed to a number of potentially damaging agents in the external environment. What effects do ultraviolet rays of sunlight have on the skin? Select all that apply.
Causing potential for directly damaging the skin Accelerating the effect of aging on the skin Predisposing to the development of skin cancer
A 70-year-old client has needed to reduce the frequency of bathing due to dry skin. Which factor has resulted in this age-related change in skin function?
Change in composition of sebaceous secretions
Which clients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) will the nurse prioritize to assess first?
Client with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chest pain
A 16-year-old male football player suffered a fracture of his radius and ulna. Assessment of the fracture includes the following data: (1) the fracture does not protrude through the skin, and (2) both bones broke completely through into two pieces. Select the best description of the injury.
Closed comminuted fracture
The nurse is caring for a client who states that he is suddenly having severe pain at a leg fracture site. The nurse notes increased swelling in the limb and difficulty palpating a pulse. The nurse suspects that the client may have:
Compartment syndrome
The older adult client tells the nurse that she believes she is getting shorter. The nurse explains to the client that height loss is caused by which occurance with aging?
Compression of the vertebral column
A client has developed osteomyelitis and asks the health care provider how the problem occurred. Which response is most accurate?
Direct contamination of an open wound
A football player sustains a suspected hyaline cartilage injury and is awaiting results of a CT scan. Select the statement that best describes the healing process for hyaline cartilage.
Does not heal after injury
A child in gymnastics class has fallen off the balance beam and hurt her ankle. X-rays are negative for fracture, so the health care provider has diagnosed a severe sprain. Which treatment measures should be taught to the family and child? Select all that apply.
Elevate the ankle on pillows Immobilization for several weeks Apply ice packs to the ankle
The nurse is caring for a client with a fracture in his appendicular skeleton. Which bone is in this skeleton?
Femur
A child has a notable limp and states there is "a lot of leg pain." There was no history of injury. Which assessment data corresponds to a diagnosis of osteomyelitis? Select all that apply.
Fever Redness Periosteal elevation on X-ray
A client comes in with a mild sunburn. Which term best describes the sunburn?
First-degree burn
The nurse notes a blister on a client's skin. Which description best defines this area?
Fluid-filled papule
The client has a stage III pressure ulcer. Which is the best description of a stage III pressure ulcer?
Full-thickness skin loss involving damage and necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to but not through underlying fascia
Which process accounts for the damaging effects of the sun's radiation?
Generation of reactive oxygen species and damage to melanin
When caring for a client with ankylosing spondylitis, the nurse tells the client that stiffness may be relieved by which intervention?
Gentle exercise
An older adult client has had mobility and independence significantly impaired by the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). What is the primary pathophysiologic process that has contributed to this client's decline in health?
Immunologically mediated joint inflammation
A parent calls the health care provider reporting the child has red sores on the face, especially around the nose and mouth that have pus/fluid inside and when the sores burst, they develop a honey-colored crust. The parent is asking whether to make an appointment. Which contagious skin lesion does the provider think the child has developed?
Impetigo pustule
On the advice of the primary health care provider, a client has begun taking vitamin D supplements on a daily basis for which possible outcome?
Increased calcium absorption from the digestive tract.
Dry, itchy plaques on the elbows and knees have prompted a 23-year-old client to seek care. The health care provider has diagnosed the client with psoriasis, based on which histologic characterization?
Increased epidermal cell turnover with marked epidermal thickening
The transition of a melanoma from radial growth to vertical growth with ulceration and invasion of the tumor into the deeper skin tissue likely results in which outcome?
Increased risk of metastasis
A client who has recently been diagnosed with polymyositis asks the nurse how this problem arose. The nurse tells the client that the underlying cause of this disorder is:
Inflammation and immune mechanisms
The client has a cast applied for a fractured tibia. Which physiologic response to the fracture places this client at risk for compartment syndrome?
Inflammation causes increase in volume but cast limits compartment size
In general, how are children affected by a rheumatic disease such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?
It's characterized by synovitis and can influence epiphyseal growth, resulting in stunted growth.
Scabies infections are caused by mites that burrow under the skin. They are usually easily treated by bathing with a mite-killing agent and leaving it on for 12 hours. When scabies are resistant to the mite-killing agent, what oral drug is prescribed?
Ivermectin
Which signs and symptoms should prompt a young woman's primary care provider to assess for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Joint pain and proteinuria
Following a lengthy series of diagnostic tests, a client's chronic hip pain has been attributed to advanced osteonecrosis. What treatment is this client most likely to require?
Joint replacement surgery
What would be the best treatment option for a soft tissue contusion on the right ankle?
Keep the ankle elevated for the first 24 hours
A client has dry skin, and scratching the dry regions causes some skin flakes to become dislodged. Which cell type makes up the dry skin?
Keratinocytes
What is a physiologic basis for albinism?
Lack of tyrosinase
Among the skin's protective functions is the fact that it serves as an immunologic barrier. What cells are responsible for detecting foreign antigens?
Langerhans cells
A nursing instructor is teaching students about skin structure. The instructor evaluates student knowledge of the Langerhans cells based on which statement?
Langerhans cells are the immunologic cells responsible for recognizing foreign antigens harmful to the body.
A 6-year-old child has developed idiopathic osteonecrotic disease of the proximal (capital) femoral epiphysis. The health care provider would document this finding as which diagnosis?
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
The nurse is caring for a client with newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which over-the-counter medication does the nurse recognize is useful in treating inflammation, arthritis, and pleuritis?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
The nurse is teaching a client with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) about the typical treatment course with this condition. In what order does the nurse list the typical classes of medication used from earliest stages to the latest stages of the disease? Use all options.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) The antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine Systemic corticosteroid drugs Immunosuppressive medications
What is the term used to refer to the failure of bone to heal before the process of bone repair stops?
Nonunion
When a nurse is assessing a client with osteoarthritis, which factor poses a risk for the disease?
Obesity
The nurse is conducting a health promotion class on osteoarthitis (OA). Which statement should the nurse include?
Obesity is a strong risk factor for developing OA.
A 13-year-old girl and her father have come to emergency department for assessment of the girl's stiff and warm knee. The father reports that she hurt it sliding into base during a softball game, but later in the interview it becomes clear that the slide made an existing pain worse. Her knee had been stiff, warm, and shiny, and had been keeping her awake at night for a week or so before the game. Which condition might be the cause of the girl's symptoms?
Osteosarcoma
The nurse recognizes that parathyroid hormone (PTH) has what relationship to bone formation?
PTH is a regulator of calcium and phosphate.
A client with a closed reduction of a wrist fracture has a plaster cast applied. Which nursing intervention is the highest priority immediately after the procedure?
Performing a peripheral circulation assessment
The nurse is providing client education related to intra-articular corticosteroid injections. Which instruction should the nurse include?
The injections will be given only 3 to 4 times per year because they can increase joint destruction.
A 76-year-old male has been diagnosed with osteoarthritis. The nurse providing care for this client inquired as to whether the arthritis affects only diarthrodial joints. Which best exemplifies a diarthrodial joint?
The interphalangeal joint between the proximal and middle phalanges of the fingers
Which joint is classified as a being a syndesmosis?
The joint between two vertebrae
The nurse is assessing a client with reports of knee joint pain. Which findings does the nurse document as supporting osteoarthritis? Select all that apply.
The joint is firm upon palpation Crepitus is felt with joint movement The client's body mass index is 35
An adult client has a large number of nevi on her neck and back. How should the nurse bestinterpret this assessment finding?
The nevi are likely benign, unless they are undergoing changes
A client has sustained serious first degree, second degree, and third degree burns in a fire. Which best describes this full-thickness burn and the burned area that involves subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone?
Third-degree burn
Upon assessment, it is noted that a client has a dark yellowish brown tint to the great toenail. The client reports no injury and that "it's been like that for years." The nurse recognizes this as which type of fungal infection?
Tinea unguium
The nurse assesses the neurovascular status of a client who had surgery to repair a fractured hip. Which assessment data for the affected leg indicates that the client has developed a neurologic complication?
Tingling sensations
A client has an appointment concerning the possible diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Which statement is correct concerning malignant melanoma?
Tumor thickness is a very important factor.
A client with pale skin, white hair, and pink eyes comes to the clinic for a routine physical exam. Based on the client's appearance, the nurse knows this client has a genetic lack of which enzyme?
Tyrosinase
When explaining why some children have albinism, the science teacher explains that which enzyme is needed for synthesis of melanin?
Tyrosinase
When a nurse is caring for a client with gout, which diagnostic study supporting the presence of the disease does the nurse monitor?
Uric acid levels
Infectious diseases and injuries are major health problems during a child's life. Which condition is considered a communicable disease?
Varicella (chickenpox)
The nurse is teaching a client with rheumatoid arthritis about pannus, which develops in the affected joint area. What does the nurse include to describe pannus?
Vascular granulation tissue that destroys cartilage and bone
What do lesions caused by allergic contact dermatitis look like?
Vesicles
A client is being seen in the dermatology clinic for an infectious skin disorder. What does the nurse know are causes of infectious skin disorders? Select all that apply.
Viruses Bacteria Fungi
