Patho Test 1

Recurrence risk in multifactorial diseases is

Higher if more than one family member is affected

Increase in functional demand resulting in increased cell number is

Hyperplasia

A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritisThis is most likely a type___ hypersensitivity reaction

III

What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?

Increased capillary permeability

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is due

efflux of potassium

which manifestation of inflammation is systemic

fever and leukocytosis

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have

voltage- gated channels

Antigen-presenting cells function to

display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC

One systemic manifestation of the acute inflammatory response is fever that is produced by _______ on the hypothalamus

endogenous pyrogens acting

a dramatic increase in the incidence of a health condition within a population is termed

epidemic

The differences in structure and function of cells in different body tissues is due to

expression of tissue-specific genes

The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of

hormonal hyperplasia

what is the single most common cause of cellular injury

hypoxic injury

Cystic fibrosis is a single gene disorder that primarily affects

lungs and pancreas

Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor are inflammatory cytokines secreted by

macrophages

cellular death associated with infalmmation is known as

necrosis

what type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

passive acquired

a 17-year-old college bound student receives a vaccine to protect against an organism that is known to cause meningitis. This is an example of:

primary prevention

Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response

prostaglandins and bradykinin

Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

recipient antibodies

The _____ risk of developing a disease is exprressed as the ratio of the disease rate among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexpected population

relative

a patient with an elevated PSA has been staged to determine the extent of his disease. The chart notes that the patient's stage is T1 N0 M0, indicating that:

the tumor is localized within the prostate gland

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?

Breast & Ovarian

A major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of which cells?

CD4+ Th cells

A high serum lactate level (lactic acidosis) usually indicates the presence of

Cellular hypoxia

The nurse practitioner is caring for a 12-year old girl with severe allergy to bee stings. Besides avoiding bees and treating stings with epinephrine, what else might this patient benefit from?

Desensitization therapy

Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of

Differentiation

During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?

Eosinophils

Cancer is a multistep process usually occurring over many years. The first step in the initiation process is thought to be caused by

Genetic mutations in growth regulatory genes

The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody productionis

IV

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is

IgE

Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves

Impaired muscle function

The patient is a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia. As part of treatment, the patient must undergo chemotherapy. The most serious complication of chemotherapy is

Infection

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

Interrupted blood supply

The primary function of eosinophils is to

Kill parasitic helminths (worms)

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

Kill rapidly dividing cells

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary carcinoma. Thus the tumor is

Malignant

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the

Mitochondria

a 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest X-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is

Myeloma

When Looking at white blood cell differentials, nurses know that individuals have early, acute inflammatory reactions when they notice elevations of which leukocyte?

Neutrophils

exhaustion occurs is stress continues and _____ is not successful

adaptation

Barbara and Stan have recently visited a genetic counselor. The counselor told them they were both carriers for an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. What are the chances that their child could express the disease?

25%

The "classical pathway" for activation of the complement cascade is

antigen-antibody complexes

The hypersensitivity reaction that occurs after a person who is allergic to bee stings is stung by a bee is called

anaphylaxis

Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen

Active acquired

A person experiences a stress response after an assault. The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated. Which of the following receptors is stimulated?

Adrenergenic receptors

Which of the followingis a manifestation of Turner Syndrome

Amenorrhea

Which clinical manifestations would be expected for a child who has complete trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome?

An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears.

The most common tumor suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells

P53

Cell to cell communication through secretions of chemical signals into the extracellular fluid between them is called _____ signaling

Paracrine

The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 american blacks is an example of which concept?

Prevalence

One purpose of the inflammatory process is to

Prevent infection of the injured tissue

Folic acid is recommended in preventing which of the following disorders?

Prevention of neural tube defects

When a tuberculin skin test is positive, the hard center and erythema surrounding the induration are a result of

T lymphocytes and macrophages

The primary function of kinins is

Vasodilation to enhance inflammation

Characteristics of X-linked (sex-linked) recessive disorders include

all daughters of affected fathers being carriers

The philadelphia chormosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called

bcr-abl

A manifestationof untreated acute leukemia includes which of the following

bone pain

The primary role of genes is to

direct the synthesis of proteins