Patho Test 1
Recurrence risk in multifactorial diseases is
Higher if more than one family member is affected
Increase in functional demand resulting in increased cell number is
Hyperplasia
A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritisThis is most likely a type___ hypersensitivity reaction
III
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
Cancer grading is based on
cell differentiation
Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is due
efflux of potassium
which manifestation of inflammation is systemic
fever and leukocytosis
Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have
voltage- gated channels
Antigen-presenting cells function to
display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC
One systemic manifestation of the acute inflammatory response is fever that is produced by _______ on the hypothalamus
endogenous pyrogens acting
a dramatic increase in the incidence of a health condition within a population is termed
epidemic
The differences in structure and function of cells in different body tissues is due to
expression of tissue-specific genes
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of
hormonal hyperplasia
what is the single most common cause of cellular injury
hypoxic injury
Cystic fibrosis is a single gene disorder that primarily affects
lungs and pancreas
Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor are inflammatory cytokines secreted by
macrophages
cellular death associated with infalmmation is known as
necrosis
what type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
passive acquired
a 17-year-old college bound student receives a vaccine to protect against an organism that is known to cause meningitis. This is an example of:
primary prevention
Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response
prostaglandins and bradykinin
Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by
recipient antibodies
The _____ risk of developing a disease is exprressed as the ratio of the disease rate among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexpected population
relative
a patient with an elevated PSA has been staged to determine the extent of his disease. The chart notes that the patient's stage is T1 N0 M0, indicating that:
the tumor is localized within the prostate gland
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?
Breast & Ovarian
A major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of which cells?
CD4+ Th cells
A high serum lactate level (lactic acidosis) usually indicates the presence of
Cellular hypoxia
The nurse practitioner is caring for a 12-year old girl with severe allergy to bee stings. Besides avoiding bees and treating stings with epinephrine, what else might this patient benefit from?
Desensitization therapy
Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of
Differentiation
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
Eosinophils
Cancer is a multistep process usually occurring over many years. The first step in the initiation process is thought to be caused by
Genetic mutations in growth regulatory genes
The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody productionis
IV
The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is
IgE
Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves
Impaired muscle function
The patient is a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia. As part of treatment, the patient must undergo chemotherapy. The most serious complication of chemotherapy is
Infection
Coagulative necrosis is caused by
Interrupted blood supply
The primary function of eosinophils is to
Kill parasitic helminths (worms)
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will
Kill rapidly dividing cells
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary carcinoma. Thus the tumor is
Malignant
The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the
Mitochondria
a 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest X-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is
Myeloma
When Looking at white blood cell differentials, nurses know that individuals have early, acute inflammatory reactions when they notice elevations of which leukocyte?
Neutrophils
exhaustion occurs is stress continues and _____ is not successful
adaptation
Barbara and Stan have recently visited a genetic counselor. The counselor told them they were both carriers for an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. What are the chances that their child could express the disease?
25%
The "classical pathway" for activation of the complement cascade is
antigen-antibody complexes
The hypersensitivity reaction that occurs after a person who is allergic to bee stings is stung by a bee is called
anaphylaxis
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen
Active acquired
A person experiences a stress response after an assault. The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated. Which of the following receptors is stimulated?
Adrenergenic receptors
Which of the followingis a manifestation of Turner Syndrome
Amenorrhea
Which clinical manifestations would be expected for a child who has complete trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome?
An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears.
The most common tumor suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells
P53
Cell to cell communication through secretions of chemical signals into the extracellular fluid between them is called _____ signaling
Paracrine
The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 american blacks is an example of which concept?
Prevalence
One purpose of the inflammatory process is to
Prevent infection of the injured tissue
Folic acid is recommended in preventing which of the following disorders?
Prevention of neural tube defects
When a tuberculin skin test is positive, the hard center and erythema surrounding the induration are a result of
T lymphocytes and macrophages
The primary function of kinins is
Vasodilation to enhance inflammation
Characteristics of X-linked (sex-linked) recessive disorders include
all daughters of affected fathers being carriers
The philadelphia chormosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called
bcr-abl
A manifestationof untreated acute leukemia includes which of the following
bone pain
The primary role of genes is to
direct the synthesis of proteins