Patho/Pharm II Final

S/S of COPD

-Dyspnea -SOB -Clubbing of finger nails -Barrel chest -Cough -Crackles and wheezing -Low O2 sat -shallow respirations -Orthopnea -Pale, ashen skin color

s/s of cystic fibrosis

-poor wt gain (failure to thrive) -meconium ileus at birth (abdomen distention, vomiting, inability to pass stool) -no pancreatic enzymes -fatigue -dry, nonproductive cough -thick yellow gray mucus -positive sputum culture -fever -shortness of breath, dyspnea, wheezing -clubbed fingers

S&S of Emphysema "Pink Puffer"

-pursed lip breathing -prolonged exhalation -thin, barrel- chest appearance -weight loss

1 unit of insulin covers how many carbs

15 g carbs

S/S of type 1 diabetes

3 p's -polyuria (peeing lots) -polydipsia (feeling very thirsty) -polyphagia(feeling very hungry) -*extreme* fatigue -ketonuria -weight loss (even if pt is eating more)

1 unit of insulin drops the blood sugar by

50

What is a normal fasting blood glucose?

70-100 mg/dL

Asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. OBSTRUCTIVE

Hypothyroidism

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal. GOITER

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.

Emphysema

A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties. BARREL CHEST

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs

Pneumonia

An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill w/fluid Viral or Bacterial

When does respiratory shunting happen?

Asthma Pulmonary Edema Pneumonia

A nurse is assessing a client with chronic airflow limitation and notes that the client has a "barrel chest." The nurse interprets that this client has which of the following forms of chronic airflow limitation? A. Chronic obstructive bronchitis B. Emphysema C. Bronchial asthma D. Bronchial asthma and bronchitis

B. Emphysema

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot

Aminophylline (theophylline) is prescribed for a client with acute bronchitis. A nurse administers the medication, knowing that the primary action of this medication is to: A. Promote expectoration. B. Suppress the cough. C. Relax smooth muscles of the bronchial airway. D. Prevent infection.

C. Relax smooth muscles of the bronchial airway.

S/S of Infectious Rhinits

Cough Runny Nose Sore Throat

S/S of Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Dehydration (shock) Altered mental status Acetone odor on breath Kussumals respirations (deep and rapid)

S/S of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

Dyspnea Inspiratory Crackles

type 1 alveolar cells

GAS EXCHANGE

primary endocrine disorder

GLAND problem

What position should you place a ARDS patient in?

GOOD LUNG DOWN

In alveolar dead space ventilation is _______, and perfusion is __________-.

High LOW

S/S of Restrictive Lung Disease

High RR Low Tidal Volume

S/S of Addison's Disease?

Hyperpigmentation Fatigue Weakness

TSH is HIGH and T3 and T4 are LOW

Hypothyroidism

S/S of hyperthyroidism

Irritability Weight Loss Increased cardiac function Anxiety

Thyroid Hormone regulates _________

METABOLISM

S/S of chronic bronchitis

MORNING COUGH Bronchospasm SOB High RR

bovine TB (tuberculosis)

Milk is infected

S/S of Cushing's Syndrome?

Moon Face Buffalo Hump Thinning Skin

type 2 alveolar cells

SURFACTANT

Lobar pneumonia is usually caused by:

Streptococcus pneumonia

What causes ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)?

Trauma Sepsis Drugs

Infectious Rhinitis (common cold)

VIRAL Upper respiratory infection

Croup

Viral infection of the upper airway with a barking cough and often stridor CORTICOSTEROIDS

S/S of Asthma

Wheezing Hyperventilation Anxiety

Ketoacidosis (DKA)

When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones.

Early this morning, a female client had a subtotal thyroidectomy. During evening rounds, nurse Tina assesses the client, who now has nausea, a temperature of 105° F (40.5° C), tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. What is the most likely cause of these signs? a. Thyroid Crisis b. Diabetes Mellitus c. Hypoglycemia d. Tetany

a. Thyroid crisis usually occurs in the first 12 hours after thyroidectomy and causes exaggerated signs of hyperthyroidism, such as high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness.

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

abnormally high secretion of thyroid hormones everything HIGH

alveolar dead space

alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

Vital Capacity (VC)

amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

Where is growth hormone produced?

anterior pituitary

S/S of Croup

barking cough hoarseness inspiratory stridor

With inspiration the chest becomes

bigger

Anatomic shunts exists when

blood flows from the right side of the heart to the left side without coming in contact with alveolus for gas exchange

s/s of pulmonary embolism

chest pain wheezing pain/swelling in one or both legs shortness of breath cough/anxiety

Cushing Syndrome is the oversecretion of?

cortisol

What are some s/s of hypopituitarism? (HYPO)

decreased appetite weakness fatigue CHRONICALLY UNFIT

secondary endocrine disorder

defective HORMONE

S/S of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

fatigue prolonged healing recurrent infections UTI's

s/s of pneumonia

fever/chills green mucos shortness of breath (sharp/plueritic) chest pain headache crackling

cystic fibrosis (CF)

hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms

s/s of lobar pneumonia

high fever chills productive cough with rusty sputum rales progressing to absence of breath sounds in affected lobes

TSH is LOW and T3/T4 are *high*

hyperthyroidism

obstructive respiratory disorders

increase the resistance within air passages EXHALE ASTHMA, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, EMPHYSEMA

air trapping

increasing difficulty in getting breath out

upper respiratory infection (URI)

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi. ex. COLD, CROUP

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time 3 months for over 2 yrs

Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)

insufficient cortisol is released from the adrenal gland.

type 1 diabetes mellitus

lack of insulin production or production of defective insulin CHILDREN

Restrictive lung disease

low Lung COMPLIANCE PULMONARY EDEMA ATELECTASIS

S&S of tuberculosis

low-grade fever cough (productive or non-productive) night sweats weight loss fatigue

Physiological Shunts

mismatching ventilation and perfusion

type 2 diabetes

progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin AGE OBESITY

Alveolar dead space is a result of:

pulmonary emboli

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury

cor pulmonale

right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

S/S of hypoglycemia

shakiness diaphoresis anxiety Altered mental status

S&S of Hypothyroidism

sluggishness Constipation Cold intolerance Bradycardia

Hypopituitarism

state of deficient pituitary gland activity

S/S of Hyperglycemia

thirst frequency in urination hunger warm/dry/flushed skin

Tidal Volume (TV)

volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath