Patho/Pharm II Final
S/S of COPD
-Dyspnea -SOB -Clubbing of finger nails -Barrel chest -Cough -Crackles and wheezing -Low O2 sat -shallow respirations -Orthopnea -Pale, ashen skin color
s/s of cystic fibrosis
-poor wt gain (failure to thrive) -meconium ileus at birth (abdomen distention, vomiting, inability to pass stool) -no pancreatic enzymes -fatigue -dry, nonproductive cough -thick yellow gray mucus -positive sputum culture -fever -shortness of breath, dyspnea, wheezing -clubbed fingers
S&S of Emphysema "Pink Puffer"
-pursed lip breathing -prolonged exhalation -thin, barrel- chest appearance -weight loss
1 unit of insulin covers how many carbs
15 g carbs
S/S of type 1 diabetes
3 p's -polyuria (peeing lots) -polydipsia (feeling very thirsty) -polyphagia(feeling very hungry) -*extreme* fatigue -ketonuria -weight loss (even if pt is eating more)
1 unit of insulin drops the blood sugar by
50
What is a normal fasting blood glucose?
70-100 mg/dL
Asthma
A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. OBSTRUCTIVE
Hypothyroidism
A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal. GOITER
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.
Emphysema
A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties. BARREL CHEST
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs
Pneumonia
An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill w/fluid Viral or Bacterial
When does respiratory shunting happen?
Asthma Pulmonary Edema Pneumonia
A nurse is assessing a client with chronic airflow limitation and notes that the client has a "barrel chest." The nurse interprets that this client has which of the following forms of chronic airflow limitation? A. Chronic obstructive bronchitis B. Emphysema C. Bronchial asthma D. Bronchial asthma and bronchitis
B. Emphysema
pulmonary embolism (PE)
Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot
Aminophylline (theophylline) is prescribed for a client with acute bronchitis. A nurse administers the medication, knowing that the primary action of this medication is to: A. Promote expectoration. B. Suppress the cough. C. Relax smooth muscles of the bronchial airway. D. Prevent infection.
C. Relax smooth muscles of the bronchial airway.
S/S of Infectious Rhinits
Cough Runny Nose Sore Throat
S/S of Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Dehydration (shock) Altered mental status Acetone odor on breath Kussumals respirations (deep and rapid)
S/S of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
Dyspnea Inspiratory Crackles
type 1 alveolar cells
GAS EXCHANGE
primary endocrine disorder
GLAND problem
What position should you place a ARDS patient in?
GOOD LUNG DOWN
In alveolar dead space ventilation is _______, and perfusion is __________-.
High LOW
S/S of Restrictive Lung Disease
High RR Low Tidal Volume
S/S of Addison's Disease?
Hyperpigmentation Fatigue Weakness
TSH is HIGH and T3 and T4 are LOW
Hypothyroidism
S/S of hyperthyroidism
Irritability Weight Loss Increased cardiac function Anxiety
Thyroid Hormone regulates _________
METABOLISM
S/S of chronic bronchitis
MORNING COUGH Bronchospasm SOB High RR
bovine TB (tuberculosis)
Milk is infected
S/S of Cushing's Syndrome?
Moon Face Buffalo Hump Thinning Skin
type 2 alveolar cells
SURFACTANT
Lobar pneumonia is usually caused by:
Streptococcus pneumonia
What causes ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)?
Trauma Sepsis Drugs
Infectious Rhinitis (common cold)
VIRAL Upper respiratory infection
Croup
Viral infection of the upper airway with a barking cough and often stridor CORTICOSTEROIDS
S/S of Asthma
Wheezing Hyperventilation Anxiety
Ketoacidosis (DKA)
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones.
Early this morning, a female client had a subtotal thyroidectomy. During evening rounds, nurse Tina assesses the client, who now has nausea, a temperature of 105° F (40.5° C), tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. What is the most likely cause of these signs? a. Thyroid Crisis b. Diabetes Mellitus c. Hypoglycemia d. Tetany
a. Thyroid crisis usually occurs in the first 12 hours after thyroidectomy and causes exaggerated signs of hyperthyroidism, such as high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness.
Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)
abnormally high secretion of thyroid hormones everything HIGH
alveolar dead space
alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
Vital Capacity (VC)
amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
Where is growth hormone produced?
anterior pituitary
S/S of Croup
barking cough hoarseness inspiratory stridor
With inspiration the chest becomes
bigger
Anatomic shunts exists when
blood flows from the right side of the heart to the left side without coming in contact with alveolus for gas exchange
s/s of pulmonary embolism
chest pain wheezing pain/swelling in one or both legs shortness of breath cough/anxiety
Cushing Syndrome is the oversecretion of?
cortisol
What are some s/s of hypopituitarism? (HYPO)
decreased appetite weakness fatigue CHRONICALLY UNFIT
secondary endocrine disorder
defective HORMONE
S/S of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
fatigue prolonged healing recurrent infections UTI's
s/s of pneumonia
fever/chills green mucos shortness of breath (sharp/plueritic) chest pain headache crackling
cystic fibrosis (CF)
hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms
s/s of lobar pneumonia
high fever chills productive cough with rusty sputum rales progressing to absence of breath sounds in affected lobes
TSH is LOW and T3/T4 are *high*
hyperthyroidism
obstructive respiratory disorders
increase the resistance within air passages EXHALE ASTHMA, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, EMPHYSEMA
air trapping
increasing difficulty in getting breath out
upper respiratory infection (URI)
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi. ex. COLD, CROUP
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time 3 months for over 2 yrs
Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
insufficient cortisol is released from the adrenal gland.
type 1 diabetes mellitus
lack of insulin production or production of defective insulin CHILDREN
Restrictive lung disease
low Lung COMPLIANCE PULMONARY EDEMA ATELECTASIS
S&S of tuberculosis
low-grade fever cough (productive or non-productive) night sweats weight loss fatigue
Physiological Shunts
mismatching ventilation and perfusion
type 2 diabetes
progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin AGE OBESITY
Alveolar dead space is a result of:
pulmonary emboli
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury
cor pulmonale
right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
S/S of hypoglycemia
shakiness diaphoresis anxiety Altered mental status
S&S of Hypothyroidism
sluggishness Constipation Cold intolerance Bradycardia
Hypopituitarism
state of deficient pituitary gland activity
S/S of Hyperglycemia
thirst frequency in urination hunger warm/dry/flushed skin
Tidal Volume (TV)
volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath