Pathophysiology | Final Exam | Lamar University
What are possible manifestations of chronic bronchitis?
- hypoventilation - respiratory acidosis - hypoxemia - cyanosis - hypercapnia - polycythemia (too many RBCs) - dyspnea at rest - wheezing - edema, weight gain - cor pulmonale
What hormone are Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease related to
ACTH (excessive or low respectively)
If a person has liver failure, what liver tests are increased?
Alanine aminotransferace (ALT) Aspartate aminotransferace (AST) Bilirubin Ammonia
In which phase of cell growth do cells increase in size?
G1 phase
What can cause an aortic aneurysms?
HTN, atherosclerosis, degeneration
What electrolyte imbalances can cause cardiac dysrhythmias?
Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia (inverse of Ca) Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia
Which congenital disorder is characterized by an increased curve in the lumbar part of the spine?
Lordosis
A patient comes in with ptosis and complains of difficulty swallowing. What disorder is likely affecting this patient?
Myasthenia Gravis
If ICP is 22 mmHg is that normal?
No, normal is 5-15 mmHg
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)'s nickname?
Bleed Clot Disease
What does the excessive bone turnover of Paget's disease lead to?
Bone pain Skeletal deformities Fractures Hearing/vision loss Hypercalcemia
What are signs of increased ICP?
Bradycardia Hypertension resp depression fixed and dilated pupils vomiting papilloedema
What causes infectious enterocolitis?
C. deficile and E. coli
75 mmHg would be normal for
CPP
Which hormone leads to a lower level of calcium in the blood?
Calcitonin
When up-regulation occurs, what effect do decreased hormone levels have on a cell?
Cause an increase in receptor sites
What does lupus affect?
Connective tissue
What manifestations are seen in a myxedematous coma (hypothyroidism)?
Decreased bgl Hypoventilation Hypothermia Lactic acidosis CV collapse
How do parents often notice their child has cystic fibrosis?
Elevated salt in sweat
What is the first test used for HIV?
Elisa (screens viral antibodies, if yes then Western Blot)
Which type of COPD retains CO2?
Emphysema
What kind of failures are seen in respiratory failure?
Failure to exchange gases Failure in ventilation
What renal disease is caused by inflammatory responses trapping immune complexes in the capillary basement membrane?
acute nephritic syndrome
What would chills and fever, back pain, dysuria, and pyuria indicate?
acute pyelonephritis
Sudden onset of excruciating chest pain could likely indicate?
ascending aortic aneurysm
What are the manifestations of varicose veins?
asymptomatic or warmth, fatigue, and heaviness in ONE leg
What diseases can cause fracture?
Osteoporosis, bone cancer, Paget's disease, and osteopenia
Which pain theory proposes that neurons have to send both painful and nonpainful stimuli?
Pattern Theory
Prolonged deficiency of what cause osteomalacia/rickets?
Phosphate, vitamin D, or calcium
What are the 6 P's of acute arterial occlusion?
Pistol shot Pain Pallor Paresthesia Polar Pulselessness
What is TB of the spine called?
Pott's disease
What levels does growth hormone increase?
Protein synthesis Use of lipids Glucose levels Growth of epiphyseal plates in long bones
In which phase of cell growth does DNA replication occur?
S phase
What is the amount of change in SBP and DBP in orthostatic hypotension upon changing positions?
SBP > 20 mmHg DBP >10 mmHg (Both increase HR)
What is the inflammation found in RA called?
Synovitis
A patient has a systemic response to inflammation. What is that called and what are at least 2 criteria needed to have it?
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) - Fever less than 96.8/100.4 - HR > 90 bpm - Respiratory rate > 20 breaths/minute - 12,000 < WBC or < 4,000
What is the difference between TB of the bone/joint and osteomyelitis?
TB is much more destructive and more difficult to control
What are manifestations seen with SIADH?
Tachycardia HTN Decreased hgb Decreased urine output Decreased hematocrit Decreased Na Wt gain
What would distended neck veins and low CO2 indicate?
Tension pneumothorax
What type of hypersensitivity disorder is characteried by T cell-mediated reactions being delyaed?
Type 4
What type of inflammatory bowel disease has bloody mucus-containing stool?
Ulcerative colitis
What does hematemesis indicate?
Upper GI bleed
What kind of head injury causes raccoon eyes and leakage of CSF from the eyes and nose?
basilar skull fracture
What does catecholamine maintain?
bgl during times of stress by inhibiting insulin release and promoting glycogenolysis
How would excess hormone secretion such as aldosterone or cortisol affect body fluid?
cause isotonic fluid excess
What are xanthomas?
cholesterol deposits along tendons secondary to familial hypercholesterolemia
Which kind of leukemia is caused by an excessive number of abnormal mature cells and involves all immature lymphocytes?
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
collateral circulation
circulation by secondary channels after obstruction of the principal channel supplying the heart
Which kind of seizure will start in one hemisphere and spread and is characterized by automatisms?
complex partial seizures
What kind of head injury is characterized by shearing and can lead to a coma?
diffuse axonal injury
atherosclerotic occlusive disease (PAD)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery
Whad symptoms does venous insufficiency have in addition to varicose vein manifestations?
edema, cyanosis while sitting, redness while standing, stasis ulcers at medial ulcer and necrosis
What is reabsorbed in the PCT?
electrolytes, water, and HCO3
What kind of head injury is always an arterial bleed?
epidural hematoma
What tissue is formed in the proliferative phase and what forms it?
granulation tissue, fibroblasts
Which kind of anemia is caused by Sickle Cell Disease?
hemolytic anemia
Which calcium imbalance leads to HTN?
hypercalcemia
Which electrolyte imbalance causes rhabdomylosis?
hyperphosphatemia
What electrolyte imbalance could paralytic ileus be a sign of?
hypokalemia (low and slow)
If a patient has an injury to the spinal cord and can feel below the injury, what kind of SCI is it?
incomplete SCI
What are the three main things that make up Buerger's Disease?
inflammation, thrombi, and vasopasms in peripheral arteries (hands and feet)
After damage to neurons, flaccid paralysis is observed. Which type of motor neurons were damaged?
lower motor neurons
Which type of kidney stone must have bacteria present?
magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
Which brain infection has CSF containing neutrophils?
meningitis
ABGs: pH 7.47, PCO2 51, HCO3 33
metabolic alkalosis (partially compensated)
A patient with diplopia, pins and needles feeling, and weakness probably has:
multiple sclerosis
What cells are the first responders to inflammation?
neutrophils
What can cause chronic interstitial lung disorders (stiffened lungs with decreased compliance)?
occupational hazards or sacoidosis granulomatous lesions
Describe the typical atherosclerosis or atherosclerotic occlusive disease patient
old couple: obese male and postmenopausal smoking women with HTN and DM
What characterizes chronic rejection of organ patterns?
organ fibrosis
What type of hypertrophy is non-reversible?
pathologic hypertrophy
Where is most atherosclerosis located?
popliteal or femoral arteries
What do malignant melanomas (ABCDE) usually arise from?
preexisting nevi
Which pneumonia has a non-productive cough and is seen in children?
primary atypical pneumonia
Where is osteonecrosis commonly found?
proximal and distal femur and proximal humerus
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
What is the goal of the remodeling phase?
remove appearance of an abnormality or gap, and increase elasticity as much as possible
What kind of ABG problem causes constriction of cerebral vessels?
respiratory alkalosis
What are signs of hypernatremia similar to?
signs of dehydration
What are cytokines?
small proteins that serve as hormones for the immune system
What kind of head injury is always a venous bleed?
subdural hematoma
How are pulse pressure and MAP calculated?
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure (1 SBP + 2 DBP)/3
Which type of headache does not interfere with everyday activities?
tension headache
What kind of stroke is temporary?
trans ischemic stroke
upper urinary tract obstruction is considered
unilateral, but systemic
A patient is experiencing discomfort from an ulcer, but you can't quite see the affected area. What kind of ulcer is this?
unstageable/unclassfied pressure ulcer
Which kind of dementia is caused by brain injury from ischemic or hemorrhagic damage (as opposed to progressive onset)?
vascular dementia
What happens to the blood vessels in the vascular stage?
vasoconstriction then rapid vasodilation in the area
What causes a migraine?
vasodilation of cerebral vessels or inflammation of meningeal vasculature
What kind of gangrene has a foul odor, no line of demarcation, and systemic involvement?
wet gangrene
What are the three steps of hemostasis?
1. blood vessel spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood coagulation
What burn blisters resemble flat, dry tissue paper and are painful?
2nd degree full thickness burn
What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of systemic circulation?
90-100 mmHg
What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?
An autoimmune disease of the nervous system due to damage of myelin sheath around the nerves
What disease is characterized by pseudohypertrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
What are the manifestations of pleural effusion? (Bonus: what extra manifestation does hemothorax have?)
Dyspnea Decreased lung expansion Decreased breathing sounds Hypoxemia (Hypovolemia)
What additional manifestations does Addisonian crisis have that Addison's disease does not?
Hifh fever Abdominal pain -- N/V/(D) Severe fluid deficit Weakness (Decreased CO/Hypotension) Circulatory collapse Shock
Which acute complication of DM has a slow onset, occurs with Type II, and has hyperglycemia >600 and hyperosmolality >340?
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)
What is the #1 cause of atherosclerosis?
Hyperlipidemia
If an ulcer shows subcutaneous fat, but not exposed, tendon, or muscle, what kind of ulcer is it?
Stage III: Full thickness skin loss