Pathophysiology | Final Exam | Lamar University

What are possible manifestations of chronic bronchitis?

- hypoventilation - respiratory acidosis - hypoxemia - cyanosis - hypercapnia - polycythemia (too many RBCs) - dyspnea at rest - wheezing - edema, weight gain - cor pulmonale

What hormone are Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease related to

ACTH (excessive or low respectively)

If a person has liver failure, what liver tests are increased?

Alanine aminotransferace (ALT) Aspartate aminotransferace (AST) Bilirubin Ammonia

In which phase of cell growth do cells increase in size?

G1 phase

What can cause an aortic aneurysms?

HTN, atherosclerosis, degeneration

What electrolyte imbalances can cause cardiac dysrhythmias?

Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia (inverse of Ca) Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia

Which congenital disorder is characterized by an increased curve in the lumbar part of the spine?

Lordosis

A patient comes in with ptosis and complains of difficulty swallowing. What disorder is likely affecting this patient?

Myasthenia Gravis

If ICP is 22 mmHg is that normal?

No, normal is 5-15 mmHg

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)'s nickname?

Bleed Clot Disease

What does the excessive bone turnover of Paget's disease lead to?

Bone pain Skeletal deformities Fractures Hearing/vision loss Hypercalcemia

What are signs of increased ICP?

Bradycardia Hypertension resp depression fixed and dilated pupils vomiting papilloedema

What causes infectious enterocolitis?

C. deficile and E. coli

75 mmHg would be normal for

CPP

Which hormone leads to a lower level of calcium in the blood?

Calcitonin

When up-regulation occurs, what effect do decreased hormone levels have on a cell?

Cause an increase in receptor sites

What does lupus affect?

Connective tissue

What manifestations are seen in a myxedematous coma (hypothyroidism)?

Decreased bgl Hypoventilation Hypothermia Lactic acidosis CV collapse

How do parents often notice their child has cystic fibrosis?

Elevated salt in sweat

What is the first test used for HIV?

Elisa (screens viral antibodies, if yes then Western Blot)

Which type of COPD retains CO2?

Emphysema

What kind of failures are seen in respiratory failure?

Failure to exchange gases Failure in ventilation

What renal disease is caused by inflammatory responses trapping immune complexes in the capillary basement membrane?

acute nephritic syndrome

What would chills and fever, back pain, dysuria, and pyuria indicate?

acute pyelonephritis

Sudden onset of excruciating chest pain could likely indicate?

ascending aortic aneurysm

What are the manifestations of varicose veins?

asymptomatic or warmth, fatigue, and heaviness in ONE leg

What diseases can cause fracture?

Osteoporosis, bone cancer, Paget's disease, and osteopenia

Which pain theory proposes that neurons have to send both painful and nonpainful stimuli?

Pattern Theory

Prolonged deficiency of what cause osteomalacia/rickets?

Phosphate, vitamin D, or calcium

What are the 6 P's of acute arterial occlusion?

Pistol shot Pain Pallor Paresthesia Polar Pulselessness

What is TB of the spine called?

Pott's disease

What levels does growth hormone increase?

Protein synthesis Use of lipids Glucose levels Growth of epiphyseal plates in long bones

In which phase of cell growth does DNA replication occur?

S phase

What is the amount of change in SBP and DBP in orthostatic hypotension upon changing positions?

SBP > 20 mmHg DBP >10 mmHg (Both increase HR)

What is the inflammation found in RA called?

Synovitis

A patient has a systemic response to inflammation. What is that called and what are at least 2 criteria needed to have it?

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) - Fever less than 96.8/100.4 - HR > 90 bpm - Respiratory rate > 20 breaths/minute - 12,000 < WBC or < 4,000

What is the difference between TB of the bone/joint and osteomyelitis?

TB is much more destructive and more difficult to control

What are manifestations seen with SIADH?

Tachycardia HTN Decreased hgb Decreased urine output Decreased hematocrit Decreased Na Wt gain

What would distended neck veins and low CO2 indicate?

Tension pneumothorax

What type of hypersensitivity disorder is characteried by T cell-mediated reactions being delyaed?

Type 4

What type of inflammatory bowel disease has bloody mucus-containing stool?

Ulcerative colitis

What does hematemesis indicate?

Upper GI bleed

What kind of head injury causes raccoon eyes and leakage of CSF from the eyes and nose?

basilar skull fracture

What does catecholamine maintain?

bgl during times of stress by inhibiting insulin release and promoting glycogenolysis

How would excess hormone secretion such as aldosterone or cortisol affect body fluid?

cause isotonic fluid excess

What are xanthomas?

cholesterol deposits along tendons secondary to familial hypercholesterolemia

Which kind of leukemia is caused by an excessive number of abnormal mature cells and involves all immature lymphocytes?

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

collateral circulation

circulation by secondary channels after obstruction of the principal channel supplying the heart

Which kind of seizure will start in one hemisphere and spread and is characterized by automatisms?

complex partial seizures

What kind of head injury is characterized by shearing and can lead to a coma?

diffuse axonal injury

atherosclerotic occlusive disease (PAD)

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery

Whad symptoms does venous insufficiency have in addition to varicose vein manifestations?

edema, cyanosis while sitting, redness while standing, stasis ulcers at medial ulcer and necrosis

What is reabsorbed in the PCT?

electrolytes, water, and HCO3

What kind of head injury is always an arterial bleed?

epidural hematoma

What tissue is formed in the proliferative phase and what forms it?

granulation tissue, fibroblasts

Which kind of anemia is caused by Sickle Cell Disease?

hemolytic anemia

Which calcium imbalance leads to HTN?

hypercalcemia

Which electrolyte imbalance causes rhabdomylosis?

hyperphosphatemia

What electrolyte imbalance could paralytic ileus be a sign of?

hypokalemia (low and slow)

If a patient has an injury to the spinal cord and can feel below the injury, what kind of SCI is it?

incomplete SCI

What are the three main things that make up Buerger's Disease?

inflammation, thrombi, and vasopasms in peripheral arteries (hands and feet)

After damage to neurons, flaccid paralysis is observed. Which type of motor neurons were damaged?

lower motor neurons

Which type of kidney stone must have bacteria present?

magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)

Which brain infection has CSF containing neutrophils?

meningitis

ABGs: pH 7.47, PCO2 51, HCO3 33

metabolic alkalosis (partially compensated)

A patient with diplopia, pins and needles feeling, and weakness probably has:

multiple sclerosis

What cells are the first responders to inflammation?

neutrophils

What can cause chronic interstitial lung disorders (stiffened lungs with decreased compliance)?

occupational hazards or sacoidosis granulomatous lesions

Describe the typical atherosclerosis or atherosclerotic occlusive disease patient

old couple: obese male and postmenopausal smoking women with HTN and DM

What characterizes chronic rejection of organ patterns?

organ fibrosis

What type of hypertrophy is non-reversible?

pathologic hypertrophy

Where is most atherosclerosis located?

popliteal or femoral arteries

What do malignant melanomas (ABCDE) usually arise from?

preexisting nevi

Which pneumonia has a non-productive cough and is seen in children?

primary atypical pneumonia

Where is osteonecrosis commonly found?

proximal and distal femur and proximal humerus

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

What is the goal of the remodeling phase?

remove appearance of an abnormality or gap, and increase elasticity as much as possible

What kind of ABG problem causes constriction of cerebral vessels?

respiratory alkalosis

What are signs of hypernatremia similar to?

signs of dehydration

What are cytokines?

small proteins that serve as hormones for the immune system

What kind of head injury is always a venous bleed?

subdural hematoma

How are pulse pressure and MAP calculated?

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure (1 SBP + 2 DBP)/3

Which type of headache does not interfere with everyday activities?

tension headache

What kind of stroke is temporary?

trans ischemic stroke

upper urinary tract obstruction is considered

unilateral, but systemic

A patient is experiencing discomfort from an ulcer, but you can't quite see the affected area. What kind of ulcer is this?

unstageable/unclassfied pressure ulcer

Which kind of dementia is caused by brain injury from ischemic or hemorrhagic damage (as opposed to progressive onset)?

vascular dementia

What happens to the blood vessels in the vascular stage?

vasoconstriction then rapid vasodilation in the area

What causes a migraine?

vasodilation of cerebral vessels or inflammation of meningeal vasculature

What kind of gangrene has a foul odor, no line of demarcation, and systemic involvement?

wet gangrene

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

1. blood vessel spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood coagulation

What burn blisters resemble flat, dry tissue paper and are painful?

2nd degree full thickness burn

What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of systemic circulation?

90-100 mmHg

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

An autoimmune disease of the nervous system due to damage of myelin sheath around the nerves

What disease is characterized by pseudohypertrophy?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

What are the manifestations of pleural effusion? (Bonus: what extra manifestation does hemothorax have?)

Dyspnea Decreased lung expansion Decreased breathing sounds Hypoxemia (Hypovolemia)

What additional manifestations does Addisonian crisis have that Addison's disease does not?

Hifh fever Abdominal pain -- N/V/(D) Severe fluid deficit Weakness (Decreased CO/Hypotension) Circulatory collapse Shock

Which acute complication of DM has a slow onset, occurs with Type II, and has hyperglycemia >600 and hyperosmolality >340?

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)

What is the #1 cause of atherosclerosis?

Hyperlipidemia

If an ulcer shows subcutaneous fat, but not exposed, tendon, or muscle, what kind of ulcer is it?

Stage III: Full thickness skin loss