PCC All modules combined

Atrophy

(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away

Hypertension symptoms

-Typically asymptomatic -Headache- uncommon but occurs in the back of the head and person wakes up with it. -Other symptoms relate to target organ damage: -Brain- CVA -Kidneys- loss of ability to concentrate urine -Heart- Heart failure, CAD, sudden death -Circulatory- peripheral vascular disease

Pain

-algia, -dynia

What is patch testing?

-allergy testing -small amount of substance placed on skin in shallow cups ("Finn chambers")--> papular vesicular reaction within 48-72 hours

Basophils

1% of WBC. If high can be sign of chronic inflammation.

High blood pressure Stage 1 hypertension

140/80-89

Stage 2 hypertension

140/90 or higher

Hypertensive crisis measurements

180/120 or higher

Why might a 2 year old develop lead poisoning?

2 years explore by putting things in their mouth which could contain lead dust particles.

How high should a mechanical lift be raised during transfer?

3-4 inches to clear the mattress.

Serum albumin

3.5-5.5 g/dL. It's a protein made by the liver.

What muscle strength would the nurse record for a patient with full ROM with resistance?

4 is with slight resistance. 5 is full strength. 0 no contraction 1 visible contraction but no movement. 2 limb movement but not against gravity. 3 movement against gravity not resistance.

Agglutination

A clumping action that results during the antibody-binding process when antibodies link antigens together to form large and small immune complexes.

Disequilibrium

A condition in which the hydrostatic pressure is not the same in the two fluid spaces on either side of a permeable membrane.

Orthostatic/Postural Hypotension

A decrease in blood pressure (20 mm Hg systolic and/or 10 mm Hg diastolic) that occurs during the first few seconds to minutes after changing from a sitting or lying position to a standing position.

Hypokalemia

A decreased serum potassium level; a common electrolyte imbalance.

Communicable

A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)

A fluid imbalance that occurs when fluid intake exceeds output.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

A fluid imbalance that occurs with excessive loss or inadequate intake of fluid.

Friction

A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact

Antigens

A foreign protein or allergen that is capable of causing an immune response; protein on the surface of a cell.

Active immunity

A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.

Lewy body disease

A form of major neurocognitive disorder characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling, and fainting.

Third degree burn

A full-thickness burns that involve the epidermis, dermis, and varying levels of the subcutaneous and underlying structures. Fatty white or brown color, dry leathery texture. Little to no pain.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A hormone secreted by cells in the atrium of the heart in response to an increase in blood pressure causing an increase in glomerular filtration rate, which leads to increased excretion of water in urine.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that maintains serum osmolality by controlling the amount of water excreted in the urine.

Aldosterone

A hormone that acts on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney to increase the reabsorption of water and sodium back into the bloodstream.

Dehydration

A hypertonic form of fluid volume deficit, which occurs with excessive loss of water or inadequate intake of fluid.

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Hypomagnesemia

A low serum magnesium level, usually lower than 1.8 mEq/L or 0.74 mmol/L.

Magnesium (Mg2+)

A mineral that forms a cation when dissolved in water.

Sodium (Na+)

A mineral that is the major cation in the extracellular fluid and maintains extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Second degree burn

A partial-thickness burn involving the epidermis and the dermis. Red, moist with blisters.

What kind of wound involves the epidermis and dermis but not the subcutaneous layer?

A partial-thickness wound.

Solutes

A particle dissolved or suspended in the water portion (solvent) of body fluids; a solution consists of a solute and a solvent.

Interstitial Fluid

A portion of the extracellular fluid that is between cells, sometimes called the third space.

Erythrocytes

A red blood cell. RBC's are major cells in the blood and are responsible for tissue oxygenation.

Temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Hypermagnesemia

A serum magnesium level above 2.1 mEq/L.

Hyponatremia

A serum sodium level below 136 mEq/L (mmol/L)

Hypertensive crisis

A severe elevation in blood pressure (greater than 180/120 mm Hg) that can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys or heart.

Plasma cell

A short-lived B lymphocyte that begins to function immediately to produce antibodies against sensitizing antigens.

Acute trauma

A single traumatic event that is limited in time

Electrolytes/Ions

A substances in body fluids that carry an electrical charge.

hemodialysis

A technique in which an artificial kidney machine removes waste products from the blood

Hypercalcemia

A total serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dL or 2.75 mmol/L, which can cause fatigue, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, constipation, polyuria, and serious damage to the urinary system.

Hypocalcemia

A total serum calcium level below 9.0/dL or 2.25 mmol/L.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes.

Memory cell

A type of B lymphocyte that remains sensitized but does not start to produce antibodies until the next exposure to the same antigen.

Humoral immunity

A type of immunity provided by antibodies circulating in body fluids.

Leukocytes

A white blood cell. This immune system cell protects the body from the effects of invasion by organisms.

What is a chronic wound?

A wound that fails to progress to healing in a timely manner, often remaining open for an extended period of time

What is a closed wound? Open wound?

A wound that has no breaks in the skin surface, while an open wound would.

What is an acute wound

A wound that progresses through the phases of wound healing in a rapid, uncomplicated manner

What is the pneumonic for early malginant melanoma screening.

ABCDE Or Assymetry Border that is irregular. Color that is uneven Diameter that is usually as large as a pea Evolving or changing over time.

Paresthesia

Abnormal or unusual nerve sensations of touch, such as tingling and burning.

Hypovolemia

Abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body; fluid deficit.

Paralytic ileus

Absence of peristalsis.

Compliment activation and fixation

Actions triggered by some classes of antibodies that can remove or destroy antigen.

Factors affecting immune system

Age, stress, environment.

What is a partially movable joint called?

Amphiarthrosis joint

Ascites

An abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

Suspected deep tissue pressure injury

An area of intact skin that is purple or maroon or a blood-filled blister

Fluid Overload

An excess of body fluid. Also called overhydration.

Hypernatremia

An excessive amount of sodium in the blood.

Stem cells

An immature, undifferentiated cell produced by the bone marrow.

Hypersensitivity

An overreaction to a foreign substance.

Irritability

An overresponse to stimuli.

Immunoglobulin/Gamma globulins

Antibody

Human leukocyte antigens

Antigen that is present on the surfaces of nearly all body cells as a normal part of the person and act as an antigen only if it enters another person.

Sexual abuse

Any sexual contact that is forced upon a person against his or her will

cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

What is BUN

Blood Urea Nitrogen, measurement of kidney function.

Intravascular fluid

Blood plasma

Lysis

Breakage, for example of a cell membrane.

What effect can low potassium have on the heart?

Cardiac dysrhythmia

Macrophages

Cells specialed in detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria. They can present antigens to T cells.

Secondary trauma

Commonly used to refer to "the stress resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or suffering person"

Mode of transportation

Contatct, droplet, airborne, vectorborne.

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Wound cultures

Cultures identify the organisms causing infection. Because some bacteria are present on healthy skin, normal skin flora may be identified in wound cultures along with any pathogenic bacteria.

orthostatic hypotension

Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions

Hypoxemia

Decreased blood oxygen levels; hypoxia.

Hypophosphatemia

Decreased serum phosphorus levels less than 1.3 mEq/L.

Hyperosmotic/Hypertonic

Describes fluids with osmolarities (solute concentrations) greater than 300 mOsm/L; hyperosmotic fluids have a greater osmotic pressure than do isosmotic fluids and tend to pull water from the isosmotic fluid space into the hyperosmotic fluid space until an osmotic balance occurs.

Hypo-osmotic/Hypotonic

Describes fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L. Hypo-osmolar fluids have a lower osmotic pressure than isosmotic fluids, and water tends to be pulled from the hypo-osmotic fluid space into the isosmotic fluid space until osmotic balance occurs.

DASH diet acronym

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a transport system or membrane-altering system. Also called facilitated transport.

Eosinophils

Disease-fighting WBC's. Indicates a parasitic infection.

Hemoconcentration

Elevated plasma levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum osmolarity, glucose, protein, blood urea nitrogen, and electrolytes that occur when only the water is lost and other substances remain.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes that can be measured in the blood.

Whats the term for a total seperation of tissue layers allowing visceral organs to protrude through the incision.

Evisceration

Hemodilution

Excessive water in the vascular space.

Dehydration

Fluid intake less than what is needed to meet the body's fluid needs.

What should you focus on when performing a cognitive assessment?

Focus more on addressing the patients feelings, use validation techniques.

Friction vs shear

Friction: when one object moves against another Shear: when one object moves but a part of them doesn't

stage 4 pressure ulcer

Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon

FIM scale

Functional independent measurement scale. For example 1 is total dependence. 2 is Max 25% 3. Is mod 50% 4. Min /CHA 75% 5. Sup/SBA No contact. 6. Mod independent. 7. Independent

What are some of the physiological and psychosocial consequences of impaired or altered cognition?

Hallucinations Delusions Confusion Memory impairment due to deterioration of brain Disturbances in executive functioning due to degeneration of neurons in the brain Elevated blood pressure Hyperthermia Elevated heart rate Tachypnea (Notice all vital signs are elevated for physiological consequences of impaired/altered cognition) Fluid and electrolyte imbalance

Immunocompetent

Having proper functioning of the body's ability to maintain itself and defend against disease

Isosmotic/Isotonic/Normotonic

Having the same osmotic pressures.

What an HAI and how can it be acquired?

Health care associated infection. Enodgenous. - Patient flora. Exogenous.

Self-tolerance

In immunology, the ability to recognize self cells versus non-self cells, which is necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invading cells.

Left shift

Increase in the band cells (immature neutrophils) in the white blood cell differential count; an early indication of infection.

Hypercapnia

Increased arterial carbon dioxide levels.

Hyperemia

Increased blood flow to an area

Hyperglycemia

Increased blood glucose levels.

Hypervolemia

Increased plasma volume; or fluid excess.

African Americans are at higher risk for what?

Increased risk of strokes, heart disease and kidney disease.

Hyperphosphatemia

Increased serum phosphorus levels greater than 4.5 mg/dL.

What is the initial phase of healing in which bleeding is reduced as the blood vessels constrict in the area?

Inflammatory stage.

passive artificial immunity

Injection of antibodies Short-term protection

The nurse recognizes that which advisory bodies aim to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.

Institute of medicine. National quality forumn. National center for nursing quality. Association for healthcare research/quality. Organizations that do not are the joint comission and centers for medicare.

Risk factors for psychological stress

Interpersonal relationships, family relationships, Financial strain, occupational strain and food insecurity.

Anions

Ions with a negative charge.

Cations

Ions with a positive charge.

Immunity

Is resistance to infection; usually associated with the presence of antibodies or cells that act on specific microorganisms.

Ischemia

Lack of blood supply

Neutrophils

Largest number of white blood cells. Kill/digest bacteria and fungi to fight infection. If these are high it's an indication of infection.

Adjuvant medications

Medications that are not primarily indicated for treatment of pain, but are used to augment pain relief medications

What are some early detection screening tools for cognitive assessment?

Mental status assessments and mini mental state.

cell-mediated immunity

Microbial resistance that is mediated by the action of specifically sensitized T-Lymphocytes.

Nursing interventions for persons at risk of infection

Monitor for S/S Encourage fluids. Promote sufficient diet Screen all visitors for infectious disease.

primary osteoarthritis

Most common form of arthritis, aging phenomenon, oligoarticular, 80-95% of people over 65 years -> more often in females, obesity, hereditary, secondary (trauma, neuromuscular dysfunction, metabolic disorders) -> hips in men, knees in women -> knees, hips, first metatarsal of foot and hands, lumbar and cervical vertebrae -> DIPs (Heberden's) and PIPs (Bouchard's) -> when it happens in fingers most often in women it is genetic

What change in an older patient would warrant teaching isometric exercises?

Muscular atrophy.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels throughout the body that increases arterial blood pressure.

Which increased cell type indicates an infection in the body>

Neutrophils.

When questioning a patient with impaired cognition is always appropriate to use open ended questions?

Not always, it might be necessary to use more yes-or-no question and even multiple choice.

Impermeable

Not porous.

Hypochloremia

Occurs when serum chloride levels fall below 98 mEq/L and usually occurs with simultaneous shifts in water balance, sodium levels, or bicarbonate levels.

Hyperchloremia

Occurs when serum chloride levels go above 106mEq/L and can be affected by dehydration and certain medication. Excessive infusion of normal saline intravenously also may cause hyperchloremia.

What is an approximated wound?

One that is closed with the wounds edges touching each other.

OLD CARTS

Onset Location Duration Characteristics Aggravating and Alleviating Factors Related Symptoms Treatment Severity

Breakthrough pain

Pain that occurs between doses of pain medication

Somatic pain

Pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints.

Reservoirs that house infectious agent.

People, equipment, water.

Malignant hypertension treatment

Place patient in fowler position. Administer O2. Administer IV Beta blocker. Monitor BP Q15 minutes. until diastolic >90.

What is one safety measure that you might implement for a toddler?

Placing window guards on all windows. You would want to insure safety in the home environment first.

FDA pregnancy safety categories

Pregnancy Male reproductive potential Female reproductive potential Lactation.

What is granulation

Process of wound healing where new red tissue develops made up of blood vessels.

artificial active immunity

Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease

Collaborative interventions to help prevent impraired or altered cognition?

Proper nutrition. Exercise. Social Activity. Avoid substance abuse. Avoid high risk behaviors.

malignant hypertension

Rapidly progressive hypertension Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mm Hg Life-threatening organ damage

Complex trauma

Reactions to trauma that consist of more complex patterns extending beyond typical symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder.

Osmoreceptors

Receptors located in the hypothalamus, monitor the osmolarity of blood plasma.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Receptors on immune system cells of humans and other animals that interact with the surface of any invading organism and allow recognition of non-self so actions are taken to rid the body of this invader.

Renin-angiotensin System

Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and excretion or reabsorption of sodium.

Chronic trauma

Repeated injury or a condition that develops over a long period of time

bullying

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

Passive Immunity

Resistance to infection that is short duration (days or months) and either natural by transplacental transfer from the mother or artificial by injection of antibodies (e.g., immunoglobulin).

Active Immunity

Resistance to infection that occurs when the body responds to an invading antigen by making specific antibodies against the antigen. Immunity lasts for years and is natural by infection or artificial by stimulation (e.g., vaccine).

What is transmission?

Second phase of nociception where pain impulse moves from the spinal cord to the brain

Wound healing where edges can't be easily approximated and wound fills with granulation

Secondary intention

What are the primary labs to look for with tissue integrity?

Serum albumin, prealbumin levels.

Cytokines

Small protein hormones produced by white blood cells.

Crystalloids

Solutes that dissolve easily in water.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.

What are common risk factors for impaired consciousness?

Substance abuse. Tramautic brain injury. Congenital or genetics. Environmental exposures. Chronic health conditions. Psychotic disorders. Neurocognitive disorders.

Colloids

Substances that do not dissolve easily.

first degree burn

Superficial burns through only the epidermis. Redness, dry mild blister.

What kind of wound involes just the epidermis?

Superficial wounds.

Opioid analgesics

Synthetic pain-relieving substances that were originally derived from the opium poppy, Naturally occurring opium derivatives are called opiates.

Systolic/diastolic bp

Systolic is the highest pressure on walls while diastolic is lowest.

Milliequivalent

The ability of cations to bond with anions to form molecules.

Homeostasis

The body's regulation of system to maintain a steady rate of equilibrium.

Selectively Permeable Membrane

The cell membrane that allows water to move across but not the solutes.

anxiety

The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen

Antibody-mediated immunity

The defense response that produces antibodies directed against certain pathogens. The antibiotics inactivate the pathogens and protect against future infection from that microorganism.

What does a full thickness wound entail?

The dermis, epidermis and subcutaneous layer are all penetrated with bone and muscle possibly being involved.

Footdrop

The foot falls down at the ankle; permanent plantar flexion

Osmotic Pressure

The force created when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

Hydrostatic Pressure

The force of the fluid pressing against the blood vessel that is controlled by the force of myocardial contraction, rate of contraction, and blood flow.

Hydrostatic Pressure

The force of the weight of water molecules pressing against the confining walls of a space.

Precipitation

The formation of large, insoluble antigen-antibody complexes during the antibody-binding process.

Adaptive Immunity

The immunity that a person's body makes (or can receive) as an adaptive response to invasion by organisms or foreign proteins; occurs either naturally or artificially through lymphocyte responses and can be either active or passive.

Tonicity

The level of osmotic pressure of a solution.

What factor in neonates might contribute to drug toxicity?

The liver having not fully developed. The liver is responsible for ridding the body of toxic substances and filtering the blood.

Albumin

The major plasma protein, primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance by providing colloidal pressure in the blood.

What is the third phase of wound healing?

The maturation phase in which scar tissue forms.

Obligatory Urine Output

The minimum amount of urine per day needed to dissolve and excrete toxic waste products.

Active Transport

The movement of a solute from areas of lower to higher concentration that requires energy.

Osmosis

The movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane (a membrane that allows the solvent but not the solute to pass through) from a lesser to a greater concentration.

Filtration

The movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane.

Osmolality

The number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution.

Osmolarity

The number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution.

Brainstem

The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)

The percentage and actual number of mature circulating neutrophils; used to measure a patient's risk for infection. The higher the numbers, the greater the resistance to infection.

What is the proliferative phase?

The phase in which the defect is repaired and new tissue begins filling in the skin begins to resurface.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

The portion of total body water (about one third) that is in the space outside the cells. This space also includes interstitial fluid, blood, lymph, bone, and connective tissue water, and the transcellular fluids.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

The portion of total body water (about two thirds) that is found inside the cells.

Pluripotent

The precursor cell involved in the production of red blood cells.

Oncotic Pressure

The presence of plasma proteins, specifically albumin; because these plasma proteins are too large to pass through the capillary membrane, they hold the fluid in the intravascular space.

Inactivation

The process of binding an antibody to an antigen to cover the antigens active site and to make the antigen harmless without destroying it.

Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing, ingesting, killing, and disposing of an invading organism by neutrophils and macrophages; a key process of inflammation.

Attenuated

The quality of making a substance weaker; for example, antigens that are used to make vaccines are specially processed to make them less likely to grow in the body.

Permeable

The quality of porous.

Range of motion

The range through which a joint can be moved

Diffusion

The spontaneous, free movement of particles (solute) across a permeable membrane down a concentration gradient; that is, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Solvent

The water portion of fluids.

Procedure in which a physician removes a sample of living tissue from the wound to identify infection

Tissue biopsy

Edema

Tissue swelling as a result of the accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial spaces.

polyps

Tumors that grow on stem, resembling mushrooms. Polyps bleed easily, and some have the tendency to become malignant.

MRSA treatment

Vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, ceftaroline

Peripheral vascular disease

Vascular disease affecting blood vessels outside of the heart and especially those vessels supplying the extremities.

what does a cognitive function assessment include?

Vital signs. Level of consciousness. Appropriatness of responses and speech patern. Pediatrics, prenatal and birth history. Mini-Mental State checks. Examination, severe impairment battery.

Five cardinal symptoms of inflammation

Warmth, redness, swelling, pain and decreased function.

Insensible Water Loss

Water loss from the skin, lungs, and stool that cannot be controlled.

What interventin might a nurse use for a patient with decreased bone density

Weight bearing exercises.

Uses black light to identify presence of infectious organisms and proteins.

Wood lamps

Is it possible for laxatives to have an impact on drug therapy?

Yes it is, they can decrease the absorption of other drugs in the body.

Down Syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

secondary osteoarthritis

a degenerative condition superimposed on or preexisting joint problem like a congenital hip dislocations or trauma

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

a drug delivery system that uses a computerized pump with a button the patient can press to deliver a dose of an analgesic through an intravenous catheter

Titration

a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete

suppository

a medication given rectally to cause a bowel movement

Tunnel (sinus tract)

a narrower passageway extending outward from the edge of the wound

Physical dependence

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Visceral pain

a poorly localized, dull, or diffuse pain that arises from the abdominal organs, or viscera

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

kegel exercises

a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women

Burnout

a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation

dialysis

a technique by which fluids and molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane via osmosis, most often referring to the removal of waste products from the blood of a patient with renal failure

Prealbumin

a thyroxin-binding protein measured to evaluate the nutrition status of critically ill patients who are at high risk for malnutrition. 15-36 m/gl.

crisis intervention

a treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis

Portal of entry

a way for the causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host. GI Tract, respiratory tract, skin, mucous membrane.

Pathogenecity

ability of a microorganism to produce disease

Virulence

ability to produce disease

What's a fistula?

abnormal connection between two organs or between an organ and the body surface.

arteriosclerosis

abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries

Isotonic exercise

activity that combines muscle contraction with repeated movement

ABC's of nursing

airway, breathing, circulation

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Creatine

an amino acid that helps the body build protein; can be taken as a dietary supplement to help a person build muscle mass

Trauma informed care

an approach to treatment that acknowledges the role that trauma can have on the mental health of individuals

Fight or flight response

an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

What is a synarthrosis joint?

an immovable joint

Nonopioid analgesics

analgesics that are not classified as opioids like NSAIDS and acetaminophen.

Portal of exit

any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave. Excretion, secretion, droplets.

stoma

any body opening, but usually refers to the actual exit point for a GI surgical ostomy

Physical abuse

any treatment, intentional or not, that causes harm to a person's body

Infectious agents

bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, protozoa.

Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

bacterial infection, generally associated with antibiotic use, causing severe, watery loose stools

Sundowning

becoming restless and agitated in the late afternoon, evening, or night

hematuria

blood in the urine

sanguineous drainage

bloody drainage

Bruit

blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded

temporary incontinence

can occur in association with factors such as severe constipation, infections in the urinary tract or vagina, or medication usage

cauti

catheter associated urinary tract infection

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane

Serous drainage

clear, watery plasma

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Subcutaneous layer

connective and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis. Delivers blood to dermis.

overflow incontinence

continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

Left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math

What is transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

Fourth degree burns

destroy all layers of skin and involve tendons, muscles, and sometimes bones. Dry charred, painless, brown color.

peritoneal dialysis

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

What is a freely movable joint?

diarthrosis joint.

Cellulitis

diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling

cerebrovascular accident

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke

Intimate partner violence

domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship

Analgesic

drug that relieves pain

Essential hypertension

elevated blood pressure of unknown cause that develops for no apparent reason; sometimes called primary hypertension

Psychological abuse

emotional harm caused by threatening, frightening, isolating, intimidating, humiliating, or insulting a person

Chronic pain

episode of pain that lasts for 3 months or longer; may be intermittent or continuous

Undermining

erosion of tissue from underneath intact skin at wound edge

hyperlipdemia

excessive amounts of lipids in the blood

polyuria

excessive production of urine

nocturia

excessive urination at night

Isometric exercise

exercise in which muscle tension occurs without a significant change in muscle length

Neglect

fail to care for properly or failure to provide for a child

anuria

failure of the kidneys to produce urine

Contracture

fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

Valsalva maneuver

forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, which increases intrathoracic pressure and thus interferes with venous blood return to the heart

Vascular dementia

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain

stage 3 pressure ulcer

full thickness tissue loss with visible fat

Secondary hypertension

high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease

First aid for burns

immediate attention,cool water, clean dressing, elevate burn site above the heart to keep from swelling, treat for shock. Do not attempt to remove clothing where skin has been burned away. With third and fourth go to emergency room.

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

Spinal cord stimulation

implantation of a device into the epidural space to treat chronic neurologic pain by producing a tingling sensation that alters pain perception

urinary retention

inability to empty the bladder

Dash diet directives.

increase fruit, vegetables, and low fat dairy; k, mg, ca

urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract; result of bacteria in the urine

Osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint

Pressure injuries

injuries or wounds that result from skin deterioration and shearing

Stage 1 pressure ulcer

intact skin with nonblanchable redness

Anaerobic exercise

intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine

urge incontinence

involves a sudden strong urge to void, followed by rapid bladder contraction

lavage

irrigation of tissue with fluid

Normal blood pressure

less than 120/80

Pain tolerance

level of pain a person is willing to accept

Disuse osteoporosis

loss of bone mass due to lack of activity

Flaccidity

loss of muscle tone, limp

compassion fatigue

loss of satisfaction from providing good patient care

stress incontinence

loss of urine control during activities that increase intraabdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise

Gait

manner of walking

Patient-controlled analgesia

medications administered intravenously by means of a special infusion pump controlled by the patient within order ranges written by the physician

delirium

mental disorder marked by confusion; uncontrolled excitement; ADJ. delirious

Mersa

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

Logrolling

method of moving a person as a unit, without disturbing the alignment of the body.

Serosanguineous drainage

mixture of serum and red blood cells

Multi-modal

more than two modes

MRDO's

multidrug-resistant organisms Commonly, Mersa, CRE, VRe

Nocioceptive pain

normal process, sensing a noxious stimuli, perceiving as pain

Radiating pain

pain felt at the site of tissue damage and in nearby areas

Psychogenic pain

pain for which no physical cause can be identified

Neuropathic pain

pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system

What is modulation

pain message is inhibited during this last phase of nociception

Phantom pain

pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb

Nociceptors

pain receptors

Referred pain

pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates

Acute pain

pain that is felt suddenly from injury, disease, trauma, or surgery. Will be short term, less than 3 months.

dysuria

painful urination

paralytic ileus

paralysis of intestinal peristalsis

Hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

Dehiscence

partial or total separation of wound layers

stage 2 pressure ulcer

partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both

Nociception

perception of pain

natural active immunity

production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen

Albumin

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

oliguria

reduced urine output less than 1 mL/kg/h in an infant; less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or adults, or less than 500 mL/day in adults

functional incontinence

refers to lack of urine control without abnormalities in the urinary tract

Serum Electrolytes

reported as mEq by Liter; most of the K in the body is inside the cells and its concentration is 3.5-5.0; the heart muscle is paticularly sensitive to high or low levels of potassium; abnormal levels can produce cardiac arrest; Sodium is 135-145

Gyri

ridges of the brain

Sulci

shallow grooves

Acute stress

short term stress

Maceration

softening of tissue by soaking

Placebo

something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect

Stressors

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being

Chronic stress

stress associated with long-term problems that are beyond a person's control

cathartics

strong laxatives that stimulate evacuation of the bowel by causing a change in GI transit time

urinary diversion

surgical creation of an alternate route for excretion of urine

ostomy

surgically created opening in a GI, urinary, or respiratory organ that is exited onto the skin

Aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

hemorrhoids

swollen and inflamed veins in the anus or lower rectum

Elevated blood pressure

systolic: 120-129 diastolic: less than 80

Memory

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

mixed incontinence

the combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence

colonoscopy

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum

defense mechanisms

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Natural passive immunity

the immunity given to an infant mammal by the mother through the placenta and the colostrum. Or breast feeding.

peristalsis

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

enema

the placement of a solution into the rectum and sigmoid colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

Pain threshold

the point at which a person feels pain

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

What is perception?

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Active range of motion

the process whereby a patient puts a joint through its full extent of movement

Passive immunity

the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

colostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

ileostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall

Drug tolerance

the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect

Passive range of motion

therapist putting a patient's joints through available range of motion without assistance from the patient

Necrosis

tissue death

What are the four physiologic processes?

transduction, perception, transmission, and modulation of pain.

laxatives

treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation

Pott disease

tuberculosis of the spine

micturition

urination

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens unit)

uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles

VRE

vancomycin resistant enterococcus

endoscopy

visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

cerebral atrophy

wasting away of brain tissue

Hemiparesis

weakness on one side of the body

What is tertiary intention

when a delay occurs between injury and closure

What is pertussis?

whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis. Contact precautions are droplet based.

WHat is primary intention

wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss