PCC All modules combined
Atrophy
(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away
Hypertension symptoms
-Typically asymptomatic -Headache- uncommon but occurs in the back of the head and person wakes up with it. -Other symptoms relate to target organ damage: -Brain- CVA -Kidneys- loss of ability to concentrate urine -Heart- Heart failure, CAD, sudden death -Circulatory- peripheral vascular disease
Pain
-algia, -dynia
What is patch testing?
-allergy testing -small amount of substance placed on skin in shallow cups ("Finn chambers")--> papular vesicular reaction within 48-72 hours
Basophils
1% of WBC. If high can be sign of chronic inflammation.
High blood pressure Stage 1 hypertension
140/80-89
Stage 2 hypertension
140/90 or higher
Hypertensive crisis measurements
180/120 or higher
Why might a 2 year old develop lead poisoning?
2 years explore by putting things in their mouth which could contain lead dust particles.
How high should a mechanical lift be raised during transfer?
3-4 inches to clear the mattress.
Serum albumin
3.5-5.5 g/dL. It's a protein made by the liver.
What muscle strength would the nurse record for a patient with full ROM with resistance?
4 is with slight resistance. 5 is full strength. 0 no contraction 1 visible contraction but no movement. 2 limb movement but not against gravity. 3 movement against gravity not resistance.
Agglutination
A clumping action that results during the antibody-binding process when antibodies link antigens together to form large and small immune complexes.
Disequilibrium
A condition in which the hydrostatic pressure is not the same in the two fluid spaces on either side of a permeable membrane.
Orthostatic/Postural Hypotension
A decrease in blood pressure (20 mm Hg systolic and/or 10 mm Hg diastolic) that occurs during the first few seconds to minutes after changing from a sitting or lying position to a standing position.
Hypokalemia
A decreased serum potassium level; a common electrolyte imbalance.
Communicable
A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another.
Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)
A fluid imbalance that occurs when fluid intake exceeds output.
Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)
A fluid imbalance that occurs with excessive loss or inadequate intake of fluid.
Friction
A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact
Antigens
A foreign protein or allergen that is capable of causing an immune response; protein on the surface of a cell.
Active immunity
A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
Lewy body disease
A form of major neurocognitive disorder characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling, and fainting.
Third degree burn
A full-thickness burns that involve the epidermis, dermis, and varying levels of the subcutaneous and underlying structures. Fatty white or brown color, dry leathery texture. Little to no pain.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
A hormone secreted by cells in the atrium of the heart in response to an increase in blood pressure causing an increase in glomerular filtration rate, which leads to increased excretion of water in urine.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that maintains serum osmolality by controlling the amount of water excreted in the urine.
Aldosterone
A hormone that acts on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney to increase the reabsorption of water and sodium back into the bloodstream.
Dehydration
A hypertonic form of fluid volume deficit, which occurs with excessive loss of water or inadequate intake of fluid.
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
Hypomagnesemia
A low serum magnesium level, usually lower than 1.8 mEq/L or 0.74 mmol/L.
Magnesium (Mg2+)
A mineral that forms a cation when dissolved in water.
Sodium (Na+)
A mineral that is the major cation in the extracellular fluid and maintains extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity.
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
Second degree burn
A partial-thickness burn involving the epidermis and the dermis. Red, moist with blisters.
What kind of wound involves the epidermis and dermis but not the subcutaneous layer?
A partial-thickness wound.
Solutes
A particle dissolved or suspended in the water portion (solvent) of body fluids; a solution consists of a solute and a solvent.
Interstitial Fluid
A portion of the extracellular fluid that is between cells, sometimes called the third space.
Erythrocytes
A red blood cell. RBC's are major cells in the blood and are responsible for tissue oxygenation.
Temporal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
Frontal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
occipital lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
Hypermagnesemia
A serum magnesium level above 2.1 mEq/L.
Hyponatremia
A serum sodium level below 136 mEq/L (mmol/L)
Hypertensive crisis
A severe elevation in blood pressure (greater than 180/120 mm Hg) that can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys or heart.
Plasma cell
A short-lived B lymphocyte that begins to function immediately to produce antibodies against sensitizing antigens.
Acute trauma
A single traumatic event that is limited in time
Electrolytes/Ions
A substances in body fluids that carry an electrical charge.
hemodialysis
A technique in which an artificial kidney machine removes waste products from the blood
Hypercalcemia
A total serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dL or 2.75 mmol/L, which can cause fatigue, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, constipation, polyuria, and serious damage to the urinary system.
Hypocalcemia
A total serum calcium level below 9.0/dL or 2.25 mmol/L.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes.
Memory cell
A type of B lymphocyte that remains sensitized but does not start to produce antibodies until the next exposure to the same antigen.
Humoral immunity
A type of immunity provided by antibodies circulating in body fluids.
Leukocytes
A white blood cell. This immune system cell protects the body from the effects of invasion by organisms.
What is a chronic wound?
A wound that fails to progress to healing in a timely manner, often remaining open for an extended period of time
What is a closed wound? Open wound?
A wound that has no breaks in the skin surface, while an open wound would.
What is an acute wound
A wound that progresses through the phases of wound healing in a rapid, uncomplicated manner
What is the pneumonic for early malginant melanoma screening.
ABCDE Or Assymetry Border that is irregular. Color that is uneven Diameter that is usually as large as a pea Evolving or changing over time.
Paresthesia
Abnormal or unusual nerve sensations of touch, such as tingling and burning.
Hypovolemia
Abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body; fluid deficit.
Paralytic ileus
Absence of peristalsis.
Compliment activation and fixation
Actions triggered by some classes of antibodies that can remove or destroy antigen.
Factors affecting immune system
Age, stress, environment.
What is a partially movable joint called?
Amphiarthrosis joint
Ascites
An abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Suspected deep tissue pressure injury
An area of intact skin that is purple or maroon or a blood-filled blister
Fluid Overload
An excess of body fluid. Also called overhydration.
Hypernatremia
An excessive amount of sodium in the blood.
Stem cells
An immature, undifferentiated cell produced by the bone marrow.
Hypersensitivity
An overreaction to a foreign substance.
Irritability
An overresponse to stimuli.
Immunoglobulin/Gamma globulins
Antibody
Human leukocyte antigens
Antigen that is present on the surfaces of nearly all body cells as a normal part of the person and act as an antigen only if it enters another person.
Sexual abuse
Any sexual contact that is forced upon a person against his or her will
cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
What is BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen, measurement of kidney function.
Intravascular fluid
Blood plasma
Lysis
Breakage, for example of a cell membrane.
What effect can low potassium have on the heart?
Cardiac dysrhythmia
Macrophages
Cells specialed in detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria. They can present antigens to T cells.
Secondary trauma
Commonly used to refer to "the stress resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or suffering person"
Mode of transportation
Contatct, droplet, airborne, vectorborne.
Broca's area
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
Wound cultures
Cultures identify the organisms causing infection. Because some bacteria are present on healthy skin, normal skin flora may be identified in wound cultures along with any pathogenic bacteria.
orthostatic hypotension
Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
Hypoxemia
Decreased blood oxygen levels; hypoxia.
Hypophosphatemia
Decreased serum phosphorus levels less than 1.3 mEq/L.
Hyperosmotic/Hypertonic
Describes fluids with osmolarities (solute concentrations) greater than 300 mOsm/L; hyperosmotic fluids have a greater osmotic pressure than do isosmotic fluids and tend to pull water from the isosmotic fluid space into the hyperosmotic fluid space until an osmotic balance occurs.
Hypo-osmotic/Hypotonic
Describes fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L. Hypo-osmolar fluids have a lower osmotic pressure than isosmotic fluids, and water tends to be pulled from the hypo-osmotic fluid space into the isosmotic fluid space until osmotic balance occurs.
DASH diet acronym
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a transport system or membrane-altering system. Also called facilitated transport.
Eosinophils
Disease-fighting WBC's. Indicates a parasitic infection.
Hemoconcentration
Elevated plasma levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum osmolarity, glucose, protein, blood urea nitrogen, and electrolytes that occur when only the water is lost and other substances remain.
Lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes that can be measured in the blood.
Whats the term for a total seperation of tissue layers allowing visceral organs to protrude through the incision.
Evisceration
Hemodilution
Excessive water in the vascular space.
Dehydration
Fluid intake less than what is needed to meet the body's fluid needs.
What should you focus on when performing a cognitive assessment?
Focus more on addressing the patients feelings, use validation techniques.
Friction vs shear
Friction: when one object moves against another Shear: when one object moves but a part of them doesn't
stage 4 pressure ulcer
Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon
FIM scale
Functional independent measurement scale. For example 1 is total dependence. 2 is Max 25% 3. Is mod 50% 4. Min /CHA 75% 5. Sup/SBA No contact. 6. Mod independent. 7. Independent
What are some of the physiological and psychosocial consequences of impaired or altered cognition?
Hallucinations Delusions Confusion Memory impairment due to deterioration of brain Disturbances in executive functioning due to degeneration of neurons in the brain Elevated blood pressure Hyperthermia Elevated heart rate Tachypnea (Notice all vital signs are elevated for physiological consequences of impaired/altered cognition) Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Immunocompetent
Having proper functioning of the body's ability to maintain itself and defend against disease
Isosmotic/Isotonic/Normotonic
Having the same osmotic pressures.
What an HAI and how can it be acquired?
Health care associated infection. Enodgenous. - Patient flora. Exogenous.
Self-tolerance
In immunology, the ability to recognize self cells versus non-self cells, which is necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invading cells.
Left shift
Increase in the band cells (immature neutrophils) in the white blood cell differential count; an early indication of infection.
Hypercapnia
Increased arterial carbon dioxide levels.
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow to an area
Hyperglycemia
Increased blood glucose levels.
Hypervolemia
Increased plasma volume; or fluid excess.
African Americans are at higher risk for what?
Increased risk of strokes, heart disease and kidney disease.
Hyperphosphatemia
Increased serum phosphorus levels greater than 4.5 mg/dL.
What is the initial phase of healing in which bleeding is reduced as the blood vessels constrict in the area?
Inflammatory stage.
passive artificial immunity
Injection of antibodies Short-term protection
The nurse recognizes that which advisory bodies aim to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
Institute of medicine. National quality forumn. National center for nursing quality. Association for healthcare research/quality. Organizations that do not are the joint comission and centers for medicare.
Risk factors for psychological stress
Interpersonal relationships, family relationships, Financial strain, occupational strain and food insecurity.
Anions
Ions with a negative charge.
Cations
Ions with a positive charge.
Immunity
Is resistance to infection; usually associated with the presence of antibodies or cells that act on specific microorganisms.
Ischemia
Lack of blood supply
Neutrophils
Largest number of white blood cells. Kill/digest bacteria and fungi to fight infection. If these are high it's an indication of infection.
Adjuvant medications
Medications that are not primarily indicated for treatment of pain, but are used to augment pain relief medications
What are some early detection screening tools for cognitive assessment?
Mental status assessments and mini mental state.
cell-mediated immunity
Microbial resistance that is mediated by the action of specifically sensitized T-Lymphocytes.
Nursing interventions for persons at risk of infection
Monitor for S/S Encourage fluids. Promote sufficient diet Screen all visitors for infectious disease.
primary osteoarthritis
Most common form of arthritis, aging phenomenon, oligoarticular, 80-95% of people over 65 years -> more often in females, obesity, hereditary, secondary (trauma, neuromuscular dysfunction, metabolic disorders) -> hips in men, knees in women -> knees, hips, first metatarsal of foot and hands, lumbar and cervical vertebrae -> DIPs (Heberden's) and PIPs (Bouchard's) -> when it happens in fingers most often in women it is genetic
What change in an older patient would warrant teaching isometric exercises?
Muscular atrophy.
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels throughout the body that increases arterial blood pressure.
Which increased cell type indicates an infection in the body>
Neutrophils.
When questioning a patient with impaired cognition is always appropriate to use open ended questions?
Not always, it might be necessary to use more yes-or-no question and even multiple choice.
Impermeable
Not porous.
Hypochloremia
Occurs when serum chloride levels fall below 98 mEq/L and usually occurs with simultaneous shifts in water balance, sodium levels, or bicarbonate levels.
Hyperchloremia
Occurs when serum chloride levels go above 106mEq/L and can be affected by dehydration and certain medication. Excessive infusion of normal saline intravenously also may cause hyperchloremia.
What is an approximated wound?
One that is closed with the wounds edges touching each other.
OLD CARTS
Onset Location Duration Characteristics Aggravating and Alleviating Factors Related Symptoms Treatment Severity
Breakthrough pain
Pain that occurs between doses of pain medication
Somatic pain
Pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints.
Reservoirs that house infectious agent.
People, equipment, water.
Malignant hypertension treatment
Place patient in fowler position. Administer O2. Administer IV Beta blocker. Monitor BP Q15 minutes. until diastolic >90.
What is one safety measure that you might implement for a toddler?
Placing window guards on all windows. You would want to insure safety in the home environment first.
FDA pregnancy safety categories
Pregnancy Male reproductive potential Female reproductive potential Lactation.
What is granulation
Process of wound healing where new red tissue develops made up of blood vessels.
artificial active immunity
Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease
Collaborative interventions to help prevent impraired or altered cognition?
Proper nutrition. Exercise. Social Activity. Avoid substance abuse. Avoid high risk behaviors.
malignant hypertension
Rapidly progressive hypertension Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mm Hg Life-threatening organ damage
Complex trauma
Reactions to trauma that consist of more complex patterns extending beyond typical symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder.
Osmoreceptors
Receptors located in the hypothalamus, monitor the osmolarity of blood plasma.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Receptors on immune system cells of humans and other animals that interact with the surface of any invading organism and allow recognition of non-self so actions are taken to rid the body of this invader.
Renin-angiotensin System
Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and excretion or reabsorption of sodium.
Chronic trauma
Repeated injury or a condition that develops over a long period of time
bullying
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.
Passive Immunity
Resistance to infection that is short duration (days or months) and either natural by transplacental transfer from the mother or artificial by injection of antibodies (e.g., immunoglobulin).
Active Immunity
Resistance to infection that occurs when the body responds to an invading antigen by making specific antibodies against the antigen. Immunity lasts for years and is natural by infection or artificial by stimulation (e.g., vaccine).
What is transmission?
Second phase of nociception where pain impulse moves from the spinal cord to the brain
Wound healing where edges can't be easily approximated and wound fills with granulation
Secondary intention
What are the primary labs to look for with tissue integrity?
Serum albumin, prealbumin levels.
Cytokines
Small protein hormones produced by white blood cells.
Crystalloids
Solutes that dissolve easily in water.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.
What are common risk factors for impaired consciousness?
Substance abuse. Tramautic brain injury. Congenital or genetics. Environmental exposures. Chronic health conditions. Psychotic disorders. Neurocognitive disorders.
Colloids
Substances that do not dissolve easily.
first degree burn
Superficial burns through only the epidermis. Redness, dry mild blister.
What kind of wound involes just the epidermis?
Superficial wounds.
Opioid analgesics
Synthetic pain-relieving substances that were originally derived from the opium poppy, Naturally occurring opium derivatives are called opiates.
Systolic/diastolic bp
Systolic is the highest pressure on walls while diastolic is lowest.
Milliequivalent
The ability of cations to bond with anions to form molecules.
Homeostasis
The body's regulation of system to maintain a steady rate of equilibrium.
Selectively Permeable Membrane
The cell membrane that allows water to move across but not the solutes.
anxiety
The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen
Antibody-mediated immunity
The defense response that produces antibodies directed against certain pathogens. The antibiotics inactivate the pathogens and protect against future infection from that microorganism.
What does a full thickness wound entail?
The dermis, epidermis and subcutaneous layer are all penetrated with bone and muscle possibly being involved.
Footdrop
The foot falls down at the ankle; permanent plantar flexion
Osmotic Pressure
The force created when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
Hydrostatic Pressure
The force of the fluid pressing against the blood vessel that is controlled by the force of myocardial contraction, rate of contraction, and blood flow.
Hydrostatic Pressure
The force of the weight of water molecules pressing against the confining walls of a space.
Precipitation
The formation of large, insoluble antigen-antibody complexes during the antibody-binding process.
Adaptive Immunity
The immunity that a person's body makes (or can receive) as an adaptive response to invasion by organisms or foreign proteins; occurs either naturally or artificially through lymphocyte responses and can be either active or passive.
Tonicity
The level of osmotic pressure of a solution.
What factor in neonates might contribute to drug toxicity?
The liver having not fully developed. The liver is responsible for ridding the body of toxic substances and filtering the blood.
Albumin
The major plasma protein, primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance by providing colloidal pressure in the blood.
What is the third phase of wound healing?
The maturation phase in which scar tissue forms.
Obligatory Urine Output
The minimum amount of urine per day needed to dissolve and excrete toxic waste products.
Active Transport
The movement of a solute from areas of lower to higher concentration that requires energy.
Osmosis
The movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane (a membrane that allows the solvent but not the solute to pass through) from a lesser to a greater concentration.
Filtration
The movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane.
Osmolality
The number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution.
Osmolarity
The number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution.
Brainstem
The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)
The percentage and actual number of mature circulating neutrophils; used to measure a patient's risk for infection. The higher the numbers, the greater the resistance to infection.
What is the proliferative phase?
The phase in which the defect is repaired and new tissue begins filling in the skin begins to resurface.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
The portion of total body water (about one third) that is in the space outside the cells. This space also includes interstitial fluid, blood, lymph, bone, and connective tissue water, and the transcellular fluids.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
The portion of total body water (about two thirds) that is found inside the cells.
Pluripotent
The precursor cell involved in the production of red blood cells.
Oncotic Pressure
The presence of plasma proteins, specifically albumin; because these plasma proteins are too large to pass through the capillary membrane, they hold the fluid in the intravascular space.
Inactivation
The process of binding an antibody to an antigen to cover the antigens active site and to make the antigen harmless without destroying it.
Phagocytosis
The process of engulfing, ingesting, killing, and disposing of an invading organism by neutrophils and macrophages; a key process of inflammation.
Attenuated
The quality of making a substance weaker; for example, antigens that are used to make vaccines are specially processed to make them less likely to grow in the body.
Permeable
The quality of porous.
Range of motion
The range through which a joint can be moved
Diffusion
The spontaneous, free movement of particles (solute) across a permeable membrane down a concentration gradient; that is, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Solvent
The water portion of fluids.
Procedure in which a physician removes a sample of living tissue from the wound to identify infection
Tissue biopsy
Edema
Tissue swelling as a result of the accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial spaces.
polyps
Tumors that grow on stem, resembling mushrooms. Polyps bleed easily, and some have the tendency to become malignant.
MRSA treatment
Vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, ceftaroline
Peripheral vascular disease
Vascular disease affecting blood vessels outside of the heart and especially those vessels supplying the extremities.
what does a cognitive function assessment include?
Vital signs. Level of consciousness. Appropriatness of responses and speech patern. Pediatrics, prenatal and birth history. Mini-Mental State checks. Examination, severe impairment battery.
Five cardinal symptoms of inflammation
Warmth, redness, swelling, pain and decreased function.
Insensible Water Loss
Water loss from the skin, lungs, and stool that cannot be controlled.
What interventin might a nurse use for a patient with decreased bone density
Weight bearing exercises.
Uses black light to identify presence of infectious organisms and proteins.
Wood lamps
Is it possible for laxatives to have an impact on drug therapy?
Yes it is, they can decrease the absorption of other drugs in the body.
Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
secondary osteoarthritis
a degenerative condition superimposed on or preexisting joint problem like a congenital hip dislocations or trauma
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
a drug delivery system that uses a computerized pump with a button the patient can press to deliver a dose of an analgesic through an intravenous catheter
Titration
a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete
suppository
a medication given rectally to cause a bowel movement
Tunnel (sinus tract)
a narrower passageway extending outward from the edge of the wound
Physical dependence
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Visceral pain
a poorly localized, dull, or diffuse pain that arises from the abdominal organs, or viscera
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
kegel exercises
a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women
Burnout
a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation
dialysis
a technique by which fluids and molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane via osmosis, most often referring to the removal of waste products from the blood of a patient with renal failure
Prealbumin
a thyroxin-binding protein measured to evaluate the nutrition status of critically ill patients who are at high risk for malnutrition. 15-36 m/gl.
crisis intervention
a treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis
Portal of entry
a way for the causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host. GI Tract, respiratory tract, skin, mucous membrane.
Pathogenecity
ability of a microorganism to produce disease
Virulence
ability to produce disease
What's a fistula?
abnormal connection between two organs or between an organ and the body surface.
arteriosclerosis
abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries
Isotonic exercise
activity that combines muscle contraction with repeated movement
ABC's of nursing
airway, breathing, circulation
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Creatine
an amino acid that helps the body build protein; can be taken as a dietary supplement to help a person build muscle mass
Trauma informed care
an approach to treatment that acknowledges the role that trauma can have on the mental health of individuals
Fight or flight response
an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
What is a synarthrosis joint?
an immovable joint
Nonopioid analgesics
analgesics that are not classified as opioids like NSAIDS and acetaminophen.
Portal of exit
any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave. Excretion, secretion, droplets.
stoma
any body opening, but usually refers to the actual exit point for a GI surgical ostomy
Physical abuse
any treatment, intentional or not, that causes harm to a person's body
Infectious agents
bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, protozoa.
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
bacterial infection, generally associated with antibiotic use, causing severe, watery loose stools
Sundowning
becoming restless and agitated in the late afternoon, evening, or night
hematuria
blood in the urine
sanguineous drainage
bloody drainage
Bruit
blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded
temporary incontinence
can occur in association with factors such as severe constipation, infections in the urinary tract or vagina, or medication usage
cauti
catheter associated urinary tract infection
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane
Serous drainage
clear, watery plasma
Atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
Subcutaneous layer
connective and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis. Delivers blood to dermis.
overflow incontinence
continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely
Wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial
Left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math
What is transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
Fourth degree burns
destroy all layers of skin and involve tendons, muscles, and sometimes bones. Dry charred, painless, brown color.
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
What is a freely movable joint?
diarthrosis joint.
Cellulitis
diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling
cerebrovascular accident
disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
Intimate partner violence
domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship
Analgesic
drug that relieves pain
Essential hypertension
elevated blood pressure of unknown cause that develops for no apparent reason; sometimes called primary hypertension
Psychological abuse
emotional harm caused by threatening, frightening, isolating, intimidating, humiliating, or insulting a person
Chronic pain
episode of pain that lasts for 3 months or longer; may be intermittent or continuous
Undermining
erosion of tissue from underneath intact skin at wound edge
hyperlipdemia
excessive amounts of lipids in the blood
polyuria
excessive production of urine
nocturia
excessive urination at night
Isometric exercise
exercise in which muscle tension occurs without a significant change in muscle length
Neglect
fail to care for properly or failure to provide for a child
anuria
failure of the kidneys to produce urine
Contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
Valsalva maneuver
forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, which increases intrathoracic pressure and thus interferes with venous blood return to the heart
Vascular dementia
form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain
stage 3 pressure ulcer
full thickness tissue loss with visible fat
Secondary hypertension
high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
First aid for burns
immediate attention,cool water, clean dressing, elevate burn site above the heart to keep from swelling, treat for shock. Do not attempt to remove clothing where skin has been burned away. With third and fourth go to emergency room.
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
Spinal cord stimulation
implantation of a device into the epidural space to treat chronic neurologic pain by producing a tingling sensation that alters pain perception
urinary retention
inability to empty the bladder
Dash diet directives.
increase fruit, vegetables, and low fat dairy; k, mg, ca
urinary tract infection (UTI)
infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract; result of bacteria in the urine
Osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint
Pressure injuries
injuries or wounds that result from skin deterioration and shearing
Stage 1 pressure ulcer
intact skin with nonblanchable redness
Anaerobic exercise
intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
urge incontinence
involves a sudden strong urge to void, followed by rapid bladder contraction
lavage
irrigation of tissue with fluid
Normal blood pressure
less than 120/80
Pain tolerance
level of pain a person is willing to accept
Disuse osteoporosis
loss of bone mass due to lack of activity
Flaccidity
loss of muscle tone, limp
compassion fatigue
loss of satisfaction from providing good patient care
stress incontinence
loss of urine control during activities that increase intraabdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise
Gait
manner of walking
Patient-controlled analgesia
medications administered intravenously by means of a special infusion pump controlled by the patient within order ranges written by the physician
delirium
mental disorder marked by confusion; uncontrolled excitement; ADJ. delirious
Mersa
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
Logrolling
method of moving a person as a unit, without disturbing the alignment of the body.
Serosanguineous drainage
mixture of serum and red blood cells
Multi-modal
more than two modes
MRDO's
multidrug-resistant organisms Commonly, Mersa, CRE, VRe
Nocioceptive pain
normal process, sensing a noxious stimuli, perceiving as pain
Radiating pain
pain felt at the site of tissue damage and in nearby areas
Psychogenic pain
pain for which no physical cause can be identified
Neuropathic pain
pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system
What is modulation
pain message is inhibited during this last phase of nociception
Phantom pain
pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb
Nociceptors
pain receptors
Referred pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
Acute pain
pain that is felt suddenly from injury, disease, trauma, or surgery. Will be short term, less than 3 months.
dysuria
painful urination
paralytic ileus
paralysis of intestinal peristalsis
Hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
Dehiscence
partial or total separation of wound layers
stage 2 pressure ulcer
partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both
Nociception
perception of pain
natural active immunity
production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen
Albumin
protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
oliguria
reduced urine output less than 1 mL/kg/h in an infant; less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or adults, or less than 500 mL/day in adults
functional incontinence
refers to lack of urine control without abnormalities in the urinary tract
Serum Electrolytes
reported as mEq by Liter; most of the K in the body is inside the cells and its concentration is 3.5-5.0; the heart muscle is paticularly sensitive to high or low levels of potassium; abnormal levels can produce cardiac arrest; Sodium is 135-145
Gyri
ridges of the brain
Sulci
shallow grooves
Acute stress
short term stress
Maceration
softening of tissue by soaking
Placebo
something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect
Stressors
specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being
Chronic stress
stress associated with long-term problems that are beyond a person's control
cathartics
strong laxatives that stimulate evacuation of the bowel by causing a change in GI transit time
urinary diversion
surgical creation of an alternate route for excretion of urine
ostomy
surgically created opening in a GI, urinary, or respiratory organ that is exited onto the skin
Aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
hemorrhoids
swollen and inflamed veins in the anus or lower rectum
Elevated blood pressure
systolic: 120-129 diastolic: less than 80
Memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
mixed incontinence
the combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence
colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum
defense mechanisms
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Natural passive immunity
the immunity given to an infant mammal by the mother through the placenta and the colostrum. Or breast feeding.
peristalsis
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
enema
the placement of a solution into the rectum and sigmoid colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
Pain threshold
the point at which a person feels pain
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
What is perception?
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Active range of motion
the process whereby a patient puts a joint through its full extent of movement
Passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
ileostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
Drug tolerance
the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect
Passive range of motion
therapist putting a patient's joints through available range of motion without assistance from the patient
Necrosis
tissue death
What are the four physiologic processes?
transduction, perception, transmission, and modulation of pain.
laxatives
treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation
Pott disease
tuberculosis of the spine
micturition
urination
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens unit)
uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
VRE
vancomycin resistant enterococcus
endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
cerebral atrophy
wasting away of brain tissue
Hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body
What is tertiary intention
when a delay occurs between injury and closure
What is pertussis?
whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis. Contact precautions are droplet based.
WHat is primary intention
wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss