PEDS Test 1

Kholberg's stages of moral development

1. Pre conventional-Obedience and punishment 2. Conventional- good boy/ nice girl 3. Post conventional- Social Contract

calculate fluid maintenance for a child that weights between 0 and 10kg

100 ml times the childs weight

calculate fluid maintenance for a child that weights between 10 and 20kg

1000 plus 50ml times the childs weight that is over 10kg

calculate fluid maintenance for a child that weights over 20kg

1500 plus 20ml times the childs weight that is over 20 kg

A nurse plans care of 4-year-old hospitalized children on the basis of their developmental level. What is the major vulnerability of children this age?

Intrusive procedures

VP shunt

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt: Used to treat swelling of the brain due to excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid by draining fluid into the peritoneal cavity.

imperforate anus

absent or markedly narrowed anal opening, a misplaced anal opening, or a recumbent that connects to another anatomical structure instead of the anus

nephrotic syndrome

toddlers and preschool for unknown reasons the glomerulus of the kidneys becomes enflamed and allows large molecules such as protein to be exceeded into the urine (hyperproteinuria) loss of intravascular fluid risk for thrombus formation risk for edema

cryptorchidism

undescended testicles

how do you feed a child with cleft lip

upright position slowly burp frequently

% weight loss

usual weight - current weight / usual weight x 100

spiral fracture

often seen from child abuse

Signs of pyloric stenosis

projectile vomiting undigested vomit metabolic alkalosis

5 Ps of extremity injury assessment

pain, pulses, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Is it okay to put infants in arm restraints after cleft lip repair surgery?

yes, they frequently put their hands in their mouths

A nursing instructor asks a nursing student to describe the cognitive changes in toddlers. Which statement by the student indicates the need for further teaching?

Toddlers use symbols to represent objects, places, and persons. Toddlers recognize that they are separate beings from their mothers. Toddlers increase their ability to remember events and begin to put thoughts into words at about 2 years of age. Children like to imitate the behavior of another person whom they viewed earlier.

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

inflammation which follows a strep infection glomerulus inability to filter the blood sodium and water retained in the body

children with spina bifida are at high risk of developing an allergy to...

latex

REEDA assessment

Redness Edema Ecchymosis Discharge Approximation

Ortolani test

-hip abduction w/a resulting clunk as the head relocates into the joint

Autonomy vs. Shame

1-3 years

Seizure medications

Dilantin, Felbatol, Depakene, Tegretol

strain

A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon

Which toddler-age client has reached a height in which it is no longer safe to sleep in a crib?

36 inches

Which is the most appropriate toy for a nurse to offer a 2½-year-old child?

A 2½-year-old child is capable of fitting large wooden pieces into a puzzle; this activity challenges the child's ability to recognize shapes and use fine motor skills. A mirror is a more suitable toy for a young infant. Nesting blocks are more appropriate for a child of 12 months who is becoming more adept at gross motor skills. A mobile is more a more suitable for an infant.

According to the student nurse, in which stage of Erikson's theory does the child initiate self-care activities?

Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt

A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about the role of estrogen in adolescents. Which statements made by the nursing student indicates the need for further teaching? Select all that apply.

High levels of estrogen tend to promote skeletal growth Estrogen has an inhibitory effect on the growth of axillary hair

An 18-month-old toddler is admitted to the pediatric unit. The child has never been separated from the mother before this admission. What behavior does the nurse expect from the toddler?

Crying relentlessly and consoled by no one but a parent The first stage of separation anxiety is protest, which is characterized by loud crying, rejection of all strangers, and inconsolable grief. Despair is indicative of the second stage of separation anxiety. Toddlers do not socialize well with peers. Smiling is not expected because an 18-month-old child is not easily consoled when separated from his or her parents.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Focus on the influences of early childhood Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges

What is the expected average weight for a 6-month-old child?

The average weight of a 6-month-old child is 7.26 kg (16 lb). The average weight gain in an infant is 680 g (1.5 lb) per month until age 5 months, when the birth weight has at least doubled.

Which type of speech should the nurse anticipate when conducting a developmental assessment for a preschool-age client?

The nurse would anticipate that the preschool-age client would exhibit telegraphic speech. Children between the ages of 3 and 4 years form sentences of approximately three or four words and include only the words most essential to convey meaning. Such speech is often termed telegraphic because of its brevity. Bilingual is not a type of speech; however, many children are raised bilingual, meaning they can speak two different languages. Persuasive and informative are types of speech; however, these are not anticipated for the preschool-age client.

VP Shunt Nursing Care

carefully change childs position so CSF does not drain too quickly

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines diarrhea

sprain

injury to a ligament

Developmental dysplasia

A congenital dislocation of the hip joint in which the head of the femur ends up superior on the external surface of the ilium. The affected limb appears shorter and inability of adduct the thigh is characteristic. More commonly seen in females.

intussusception

invitation of bowel, usually at the ileocecal valve bowel obstruction

Scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine, deviation greater than 10 degrees is diagnostic

Which stages would the nurse explain that a toddler goes through, according to Freud's theory?

According to Freud's theory, a toddler goes through the oral and anal stages. The phallic stage is seen in children between the ages of 3 to 6 years. The genital stage is seen during puberty through adulthood. The latency stage is seen in children ages 6 to 12 years of age.

A 2½-year-old toddler arrives at the well-baby clinic for a routine physical examination. The child opens all of the cabinets in the examination room and carefully moves the tongue depressors and other items to different places. What psychosocial developmental stage does the nurse determine that this child is in?

Autonomy

Which growth findings can the nurse anticipate in a 16-year-old adolescent female client?

Deceleration of growth and attaining a maximum adult height occur in teenagers between 15 to 17 years of age. The completion of structural and reproductive growth is evident in late adolescence. The appearance of secondary sexual characteristics is evident in early adolescence.

communicating hydrocephalus

Impaired absorption of CSF within the subarachnoid space

A father asks the nurse about the immunization schedule for his 15-month-old toddler, who is being treated for acute lymphoid leukemia. What vaccine is contraindicated for a child undergoing chemotherapy?

MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)

In which age range would the nurse expect a client to understand the concept of conservation related to liquids and numbers when conducting a developmental assessment?

Mastering the concept of conservation related to liquids and numbers occurs at 5 to 7 years of age. Conservation related to length is expected at 6 to 7 years of age. Conservation related to weight and area occurs at 9 to 10 years of age. Conservation related to volume occurs at 9 to 12 years of age.

During a community health survey, the nurse is conducting a survey about the language development in preschoolers. What behavior is the nurse able to document in preschoolers? Select all that apply.

Preschoolers start to understand riddles and jokes. Correct2 Preschoolers want to know the reason behind an event. Correct3 Preschoolers have a vocabulary of 8,000 to 14,000 words. 4 Preschoolers know that words may have arbitrary meanings. Correct5 Preschoolers cannot distinguish between phonetically similar words.

onlooker play

a child watches other children play

parallel play

activity in which children play side by side without interacting

thelarche

beginning of breast development

contusion

bruise, injury of a muscle

Willms tumor

children 3 to 4 tumor of the kidneys tumor must remain encapsulated for a good recovery Do not palpate abdomen

associative play

children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior

simple vs compound fracture

closed vs open

buckle fracture

compression causes a raised area

Gastroschisis

congenital defect in which the abdominal wall fails to develop, resulting in the intestines protruding from the body

Omphalocele

congenital defect resulting from poor abdominal muscle development in which the intestines or abdominal organs herniate into the umbilicus

Hirschsprungs disease

congenital megacolon resulting from absence of autonomic ganglia in a segment of smooth muscle that normally stimulates peristalsis

bone bend

does not break, bends into a curve

epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

failure of the esophagus to develop as a continuous passage during fetal development.

What supplement should mom take to decrease her risk of baby getting spina bifida?

folic acid can be found in...dark leafy greens, fruits such as oranges and bananas, potatoes, grain products

muscular dystrophy

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness X-linked recessive progressive disease where muscle turns into fat and overtime is fatal no cure

the Pavlic harness is for

hip dysplasia in children

Barlow's Test

hip flexed and thigh adducted while pushing posteriorly -> femoral head dislocates posteriorly Tx of congenital - harness/brace

Osteomyelitis

infection of the bone abscess often develop (will need surgery) treat with high dose IV antibiotics

treatment for scoliosis

minor: bracing severe: surgery

pyloric stenosis

narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum prevents ingested breast milk to pass into the duodenum

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

obstruction within the ventricular system most common in children due to infection or tumor

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

occurs when the head of the femur becomes displaced due to a separation at the growth plate blood supply to the femoral head is disrupted and resulted in necrosis of the bone

what period does the orofacial clefts fail to fuse in for cleft lip?

organogenic phase (cleft lip 6-8 weeks gestation) (cleft palate 7 to 12 weeks gestation)

Enterobiasis

pinworms treatment: Mebendazole 100mg at diagnosis then another 2 weeks later

Which statement is true about the sleep pattern of preschoolers?

sleep 12 hours a night

risk factor during pregnancy that can cause cleft lip and palate

smoking and diabetes

Types of Spina Bifida

spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele

clubfoot treatment

stretching, manipulation, followed by serial plaster casting, splits or taping

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

temporary drop in blood supply to the head of the femur resulting in aseptic necrosis of the bones might see a limp in the child as activity increases

enuresis

the involuntary discharge of urine (bed-wetting)

Which age group does the nurse observe engaging in parallel play?

toddlers