Period 2 (1450-1750) Exam

C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT A the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast B destabilization of local African societies C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market D increased violence through widespread use of firearms

D air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT A the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas B soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean C American foods becoming staple crops in Africa D air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? A Grains such as wheat and barley B Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges C Animal products such as wool and beef D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

C The rapid natural increase of Brazil's early slave population

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes? A The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants B Portuguese loss of colonial holdings in the Indian Ocean C The rapid natural increase of Brazil's early slave population D The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar

C methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects

Sinan's service to the Ottoman state best illustrates the fact that land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 often relied on A appointed bureaucrats to break the power of entrenched landed aristocracies B mass conscription of soldiers to carry out their territorial expansion C methods of recruitment of officials that made use of the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects D members of the clergy to perform religious services, administer religious law, and oversee public order

D African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750? A European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere C European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere D African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

D Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.

The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics? A Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance. B Both empires formally restricted foreign trade. C Both empires were ruled by a single religious official. D Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.

A Africa

The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions? A Africa B The Caribbean C Russia D South America

A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.

The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. C Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants. D European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.

C the Aztec (Mexica) Empire

The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT A the Safavid Empire B the Qing (Manchu) Empire C the Aztec (Mexica) Empire D the Ottoman Empire

C The development of trading-post empires

The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? A The establishment of plantation economies B The spread of printing-press technology C The development of trading-post empires D The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire

A increased production of cash crops like sugar

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by A increased production of cash crops like sugar B growth of silver mining in New Spain C industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods

B sugar

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of A cotton B sugar C tobacco D rice E coffee

C The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America

The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible. Which of the following would illustrate an objection to this world economic theory? A African imports of European guns B The use of serfs to produce grain for export in Poland C The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America D Import of European art works by planters in the United States south E The plantation system in the Caribbean

A To demonstrate their wealth and power

Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above? A To demonstrate their wealth and power B To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders C To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies D To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state religion

B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. C The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. D The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.

B The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver.

Which of the following best characterizes world trade in the period 1450 to 1750 ? A Commodities from Africa dominated trade with China and India. B The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver. C International conflict declined because of growing cooperation among international traders. D European dominance of China began. E The African slave trade declined.

B A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority

Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire? A A political-economic-social system that recognized equality of all citizens B A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority C A government based on an examination system D A social and political system that sought to value equally its Islamic, Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist populations E The rule of a Hindu majority over a Buddhist minority

A Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. B Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. C African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. D African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.

D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? A States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. B The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. C The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.

Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.

Which of the following characteristics of the Ottoman Empire best explains why Sinan was determined to match the dimensions of the Hagia Sophia church, as discussed in the third paragraph? A The Ottoman dynasty was descended from Turkic pastoralist nomads who did not have their own tradition of monumental architecture. B Ottoman art often illustrated the historical and spiritual connections between Islam and other monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Judaism. C By the time the Ottoman Empire began to expand, the Byzantine Empire had already been dramatically reduced in size and geopolitical importance. D Bringing Constantinople, with its imperial traditions, under Islamic rule was one of the central pillars of Ottoman rulers' claims to political legitimacy.

A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B Lack of European interest in African goods C Directives from the pope to limit trade between Christians and Africans D Fear of death from tropical diseases

D An extensive governmental bureaucracy

Which of the following is a similarity between the Ottoman and Chinese governments during the period 1450—1750 ? A The dominance of the imperial government by a landed aristocracy B The creation of overseas colonial holdings C Heavy reliance on overseas trade for government revenues D An extensive governmental bureaucracy

B Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops

Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China? A A sharp decline in average global temperatures B Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops C Innovation in birth control measures D Improvement in surgical procedures

D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia.

Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ? A The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. B The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. C Christianity was prohibited in both empires. D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. E Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.

A The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"? A The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya. B The Spanish conquered all Maya towns. C Maya people became poor. D The Spanish assassinated the king's eldest son.

B The Maya were converted to Christianity.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? A Dominican friars knew the Maya language. B The Maya were converted to Christianity. C The Maya nobility lost its social status. D Maya people before the conquest were illiterate.

C He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors.

Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported? A He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico. B He was an opponent of the practice of slavery. C He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors. D He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.

D coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by A military conquests of large territories administered as military states B intense colonization and settlement of large areas C active international interaction through trade and diplomacy D coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements E frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples

E African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the Columbian Exchange? A European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B African livestock to the Western Hemisphere; European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere food to Europe C Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the New World D European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere E African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

B The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China

Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ? A The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations B The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China C A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China D A great expansion in slave labor in India and China E A major disruption of the economies of India and China

C Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies.

Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In both empires the majority of the people were Muslims. B Both empires had powerful navies that engaged European navies. C Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies. D Both empires gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.

B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. C Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. D Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.

C Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians

Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ? A Widespread religious tolerance and diversity B Encouragement of the development of industrial manufacturing in their territories C Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians D Settlement of millions of Europeans in each of their colonial territories

B Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods.

Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.? A Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes. B Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. C Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes. D Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.

C Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.

World Economy Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following best supports the contentions of the world economic theory in the passage? A China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period. B The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures. C Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items. D Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France.

A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

World Economy Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa B The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia C The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas D European imports of sugar and tobacco

A overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque

"Concerning his greatest project, the Selimiye imperial mosque, Sinan himself said this: 'Sultan Selim II [reigned 1566-1574] ordered the building of a great mosque in the city of Edirne. I, Sinan, his humble servant, prepared for him a design showing four minaret towers, each standing at one of the four corners of an enormous central prayer hall topped by a great dome. Each of the four minarets had three balconies, with separate staircases leading to each balcony. Previously only one Ottoman mosque had a minaret with three balconies, and its one minaret is like a thick tower. But the minarets I designed for Sultan Selim's mosque are slender and elegant. The difficulty of putting three staircases in such slender structures should be obvious to anyone. Those among the Christians* who consider themselves architects used to say that no building can ever be covered by a dome that is larger than that of the Christian church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. They used to claim that no Muslim architect would ever be able to build a mosque whose dome even approaches in size that of the Hagia Sophia. Yet in the Selimiye mosque, with the help of God and with the support of His Majesty the Sultan, I was able to build a dome that is about 10 feet higher and 6 feet wider than the dome of the Hagia Sophia.'" *Sinan himself was born into an Ottoman Greek Christian family, but was converted to Islam when he began training for government service as a young boy. Sai Mustafa Chelebi, Ottoman court official, biography of the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, written circa 1600 Based on the intended purpose of Sinan's biography, it is most likely that the information in the passage might be A overstating the extent of the architectural challenges Sinan faced in building the mosque B understating the extent of Ottoman royal support for the building of the mosque C overstating Christian architects' achievements and their contributions to the building on the mosque D intentionally attributing the building of the mosque to Sinan even though he was not the architect

B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556 Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? A The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy C The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins D The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas

C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? A Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. B Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. D The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.

C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas

"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts

D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT: A The Maya king died in the epidemic. B Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide. C The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests. D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

B Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity

"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? A Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription B Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity C Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule D Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation

B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967 Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.

C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas

"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? A The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver B American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas D The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas

C The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following? A The Spanish authorities' preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments B The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity C The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest D The disappearance of the Amerindian population due to the spread of infectious Eurasian diseases

D The introduction of European practices of resource extraction

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry Based on the passage, it could be inferred that the high prices of firewood in seventeenth-century Zacatecas were a result of which of the following processes? A The global decrease in average temperatures after circa 1400 C.E. B The depletion of natural resources caused by Aztec chinampa farming C The transfer of crops and pathogens during the Columbian Exchange D The introduction of European practices of resource extraction

A The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following? A The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks B The beginning of the process of industrialization C The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies D The rapid growth of China's population under the Song and Ming dynasties

A The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following? A The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor B The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence C The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery D The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé

B had become corrupted by power

"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church A had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land B had become corrupted by power C had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism D had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

C political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community

"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that A papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany B the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support C political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community D the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents

D reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to A promote religious war against fellow Christians B encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence C demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God D reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that A salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces C because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation D Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him

D The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies

[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies? A The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants B The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals C The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease D The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies