Period 2: The Protestant Reformation and State Rivalries

State Rivalries and Conflicts (Religious Conflicts): This was the final religious war in Europe between Catholics and Protestants, resulting in the victory of centralized ___ and ___ over Spain and their Catholic allies; this war also marked ___

Thirty Years War(1618-1648); France and Sweden; the decline of Spain as the dominant world power

State Rivalries and Conflicts (Battles Over Trade Routes): This battle resulted in Portuguese victory over Muslim forces for control of Indian Ocean

Battle of Diu-1509

State Rivalries and Conflicts (Religious Conflicts): Massive naval battle between Christian European states and Ottoman, resulting in the Christian forces win complete control of Med. Sea

Battle of Lepanto-1571

Martin Luther: Unhappy with practices of ___,___, and ___ in the Catholic Church, Luther wrote the_____ that ____

Indulgences, simony, and nepotism; 95 theses; openly spoke out against the corruption of the Catholic Church

Martin Luther: The rapid spread of Luther's ideas was due to the presence of

Johannes Gutenburg's printing press

Martin Luther: Famous Catholic monk

Martin Luther

The Protestant Reformation: Prior to the 16th century, the Catholic Church- particularly the ___ and ___- held a primary role in European life as the

Pope and Cardinals; lone authorities on Christianity and salvation

The Protestant Reformation: Known as ___, many of the ___, ___, and ___ broke from the Catholic Church

Protestantism; German, English, and Scandinavians

State Rivalries and Conflicts (Battles Over Trade Routes): This conflict resulted in Saadi victory and decline of the Songhai Empire

Saadi Dynasty(Morocco) and Songhai Conflict-16th century

State Rivalries and Conflicts (Religious Conflicts): This battle had Catholic forces holding off Ottoman, resulting in them advancing by land into Europe twice and ending Ottoman threat in Europe

Siege of Vienna-1529 and 1683

State Rivalries and Conflicts (Battles Over Trade Routes): These were involved in the fighting between ___,___,__, and ___ over Caribbean holdings

Spain, England, Netherlands, and France; Privateers and pirates in the Caribbean

Martin Luther: The problem began with the return of classical works during the Renaissance--particularly the writings of early Christians such as

St. Augustine

Martin Luther: While European states began to centralize and identify as countries, the religious unity Europe began to

disappear in the 16th century

Martin Luther: When Catholic monks began studying the old texts, they began to realize

early Christianity did not resemble the Christianity practiced by the Catholic Church in the 16th century

The Protestant Reformation: After the Catholic Church refused to debate with Luther after meeting at the Diet of Worms, Luther and his followers

protested and decided to reform the church under Luthers tutelage and ideas

Martin Luther: He also translated and spread

the Greek and Latin scriptures in German, meaning that non-clergy could read Scripture for themselves

The Protestant Reformation: While Protestants would successfully resist, Europe, especially Spain,

waged many religious wars, killing and spending millions on religious conflicts from 1517-1648