Personal Nutrition: The Fat Soluble Vitamins
alcoholic
A(n) ____________ is at risk for a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
Bile and pancreatic lipase
Adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins requires _________.
soy, almonds, rice
Alternative plant-based milk products are typically made from _____________.
vitamin D
Cod liver oil, sardines, and mackerel are all good sources of _________.
a risk of a hemorrhage
Excessive amounts of vitamin E can cause
excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.
Explain the relationship between vitamin E and vitamin K.
fat
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary _________.
preformed vitamin A
Fish, fish oilds, and liver are natural sources of _________.
wheat germ, nuts, plant oils
Foods that are good sources of vitamin E include __________.
inefficient fat digestion and absorption
How might a person who consumes a diet adequate in fat still develop a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency?
Protect from eye diseases.
Identify a possible function of carotenoids.
broccoli and green leafy vegetables
Identify the sources of vitamin K.
carbon dioxide
In the blood clotting reaction, _______ is added to a glutamic acid in preprothrombin
declined
Individual's consumption of cow's milk has _______ over the past decade.
their intestines lack the necessary bacteria to produce Vitamin K.
Infants are given an injection of vitamin K at birth because __________.
hemolytic anemia and jaundice
Injection of menadione, a synthetic form of vitamin K, can cause _________.
Vitamin A, D, E, K
Name the fat-soluble vitamins
rare
Overt vitamin E deficiency is _______ in humans.
are
Premature infants ________ at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency because they are born with low stores of vitamin A.
the same as
The RDA for vitamin E for men is _________ the RDA for women.
voluntary
The USP labeling of dietary supplements is
fat-soluble vitamins
The body is able to readily store which group of vitamins?
bright light
The cones are responsible for vision during what type of light?
hypervitaminosis A
The consumption of vitamin A in excess of the Upper Level results in a condition called ___________.
higher than
The current RDA for vitamin D for adults over 70 is __________ the RDA set for individuals from 1 to 70 years of age.
antioxidants
The damage caused by free radicals can be decreased by the presence of _________.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
The point at which toxic levels of vitamin A may develop is called the __________.
beef liver, fortified margarine, and fortified milk
The sources of retinoids, the preformed source of vitamin A, include _________.
exposure to sunlight and oxygen, and deep-fat frying
The vitamin E content of a food may be decreased by
8
Using a sunscreen with SPF higher than ______ is beneficial in decreasing skin cancer risk but may prevent adequate vitamin D synthesis.
Prohormone
Vitamin D is different from other vitamins in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a ____________.
micelles
Vitamin D is incorporated into ______ in the small intestine before beign absorbed.
prohormone
Vitamin D is unique because in the presence of sunlight, skin cells can synthesize a sufficient supply of vitamin D, which is why it is also correctly classified as a condition vitamin or as a ___________.
adipose tissue
Vitamin E differs from other fat-soluble vitamins in that it does not accumulate in the liver, instead approximately 90% of vitamin E is located in the __________.
synthesis of blood clotting factors and conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin
Vitamin K is needed for the _________.
A
Vitamin ________ is needed in the retina of the eye to turn visual light into nerve signals to the brain.
5 to 10
Vitamins A and D are unlikely to cause toxicities unless taken in amounts of __________ times greater than the DRI.
120 micrograms/day
What is the Adequate Intake Level of vitamin K for men?
90 micrograms/day
What is the Adequate Intake Level of vitamin K for women?
900 micrograms
What is the RDA for vitamin A for adult men?
700 micrograms
What is the RDA for vitamin A for adult women?
15 mg/day
What is the RDA for vitamin E?
limiting exposure to 10-15 minutes, 2 to 3 times a week.
What is the best way to balance the risk of skin cancer from too much sun exposure with the sun exposure we need to produce vitamin D?
15 micrograms/day
What is the current RDA for vitamin D for individuals of age 1 to 70 years?
80%
What percent of vitamin D is incorporated into micelles in the small intestine?
Liver
Where are the fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
Vitamin A, D, E
Which fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted from the body?
Alcoholics, older adults, and impoverished individuals
Which individuals are at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency?
fatty fish and fortified milk
Which of the following are food sources of vitamin D?
decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer
Which of the following are possible benefits from eating foods rich in carotenoids?
clothing that fully covers the body, the use of sunscreen, and spending time indoors.
Which of the following are possible reasons vitamin D deficiency has reemerged as a global health concern?
retinoic acid, retinol, retinal
Which of the following are three forms of vitamin A?
cod liver oil and fortified milk with vitamin D
Which of the following helped with almost eradicating the epidemic of rickets during the 19th century?
retinoids
Which of the following is the term used for the biologically active forms of vitamin A?
preterm infants, smokers, and individuals with Crohn's Disease
Which three of the following groups of people are at risk of a vitamin E deficiency?
vitamin K
Which vitamin can be synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?
Vitamin A, D
Which vitamins are the most likely to produce toxic effects when consumed in excess?
Rickets
________ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.
