Persuasive unit

problem-cause-solution order

first identifying a problem, second analyzing the causes of the problem, and third is presenting a solution to the problem

problem-solution order

first main point is to demonstrate need by showing a problem. the second main point you explain your plan for solving it

need

first step to convince listeners that there is a serious problem with things as they are

either-or (assess reasoning)

forcing listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than 2 exist you can either become a scientist or a doctor

3 ways to enhance credibility

1. explain your competence - advertise your expertise on the speech topic 2. establish common ground - you can make your speech more appealing by identifying your ideas with the audience's. 3. deliver speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction - credibility is directly connected to delivery

3 types of credibility

1. initial credibility - the credibility of a speaker before they begin to speak 2. derived credibility - credibility during the speech 3. terminal credibility - true credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech

four reasons listeners are persuaded by speakers

1. perceive the speaker as having high CREDIBILITY 2. won over by the speakers EVIDENCE 3. convinced by the speakers REASONING 4. their EMOTIONS are touched by the speakers ideas or language

Questions of policy

Deals with a specific course of action Should the electoral college be abolished?

role of emotional appeals

adding "feeling" and "force of imagination" to logical arguments, you can become a more compelling speaker. can make your audience more passionate about your argument.

3 questions to ask to judge statistics

are the stats representative? are the stats used correctly? are the stats from a reliable source

appeal to novelty (assess reasoning)

assuming that because something is new, it is therefore superior. the new batman movie is definitely better than the first one.

bandwagon (assess reasoning)

assuming that since something is popular it is therefore good, correct, or desirable The fact that more people run in nike than adidas means that it is better.

appeal to tradition (assess reasoning)

assuming that something is old is automatically better than something new I dont see any reason to repeal the second amendment. its been around since the 1700s.

slippery slope (assess reasoning)

assuming that taking first step will lead inevitably to a second stop and so on down a slope to disaster Banning semi-auto guns will eventually lead to the government banning all guns

Ad hominem (assess reasoning)

attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute He is a terrible politician; he is really ugly.

how to adapt to the audience

before speech: assess what your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech adjust what you say to make it as clear, appropriate and convincing as possible during speech: adapting to your audience is one o the most important keys to successful public speaking. keep an eye out for audience feedback and see how engaged they are in your speech

3 types of examples

brief examples - specific instances aiming to illustrate a point extended examples - narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes (tells a story) hypothetical examples - describes an imaginary situation that has not happened

key speech texts studied during this unit

changing lives through the literacy network, the danger of cellphones, the living wage solution

Analogical reasoning (method of reasoning)

comparing 2 similar cases and infers what is true for one case is also true for the other if you are good at tennis, then you will be good at ping pong this only works if you are able to show your audience two truly parallel situations.

two primary factors that affect cerdibility

competence - speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge character - speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and goodwill

comparative advantages order

each main point explains why a speakers solution to a problem is better than other solutions

Causal reasoning (method of reasoning)

establish the relationship between cause and effect you slip and break your arm. there was ice on the sidewalk. Because there was ice on the ground, i fell and broke my arm. correlation does not imply causation

three major kinds of supporting materials

examples - ideas become specific, personal, and lively statistics - we feel more secure in out knowledge when we can express it numerically testimony - audiences tend to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge or experience about the topic

evaluate the use of supporting materials

good speeches need strong supporting materials to bolster the speakers point of view

10 logical fallacies

hasty generalization false-cause invalid analogy bandwagon red hering ad hominem either-or slippery slope appeal to tradition appeal to novelty

questionnaires

help you develop skills of audience analysis. know more about the audiences knowledge and attitude towards your topic

demographic audience analysis

identifying the general demographic features of your audience gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial/ethnic/cultural background, and group membership

differences between an informative speech and a persuasive speech

informative speech - aimed at informing your audience about a specific topic persuasive speech - creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

red hering (assess reasoning)

introducing an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject How can someone say im selfish when I have a dog.

what does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with speakers

listener is actively engaged in your speech. they listen and assess what the speaker has to say, either agreeing, disagreeing, or giving mental feedback.

Why is speaking to persuade (more) challenging (than informative speaking)

more ambitious, audience analysis and adaption become more demanding, you will deal with controversial speeches that may be personal to your audience. resistance to what you are saying makes your task more difficult.

monroe's motivated sequence

perfect for immediate action policy speeches. attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

use of statistics in speeches

often used to clarify or strengthen a speakers point, show the magnitude or seriousness of the issue as well

practicality

once you have presented a plan you must show the plan will work

plan

once you have shown that a problem exists, you need to explain your plan for solving it

passive agreement vs immediate action (questions of policy)

passive agreement - you will try to get your audience to agree with you that a certain policy is desirable (not necessarily act) immediate action - goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a policy

four methods of organization

problem-solution order problem-cause-solution order comparative advantages order monroe's motivated sequence

Questions of value

questions involves facts and value judgments What is the best movie of all time?

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offers a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives (produce clear unambiguous answers: "yes", "no", "not sure")

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers (best at getting audience attitudes)

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point expert testimony - testimony from people who are recognized experts in their field peer testimony - testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

proper use of testimony

quote or paraphrase accurately use testimony from qualified sources use testimony from unbiased sources identify the people you quote or paraphrase

four basic methods of reasoning

reasoning from specific instances, reasoning from principle, casual reasoning, analogical reasoning

evidence

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. speakers need to justify their claims, you need evidence to prove youre right. enhances credibility, increases persuasiveness, halp listeners from counter-persuasion

Questions of fact

something that can be answered absolutely (answer is either right or wrong) Who was the first man on the moon?

false-cause (assess reasoning)

the fact that one event occurs after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second when i wear red i am more lucky

why must speakers be audience centered

the goal of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from your listeners. remain true to yourself and speak ethically while adapting your message to your audience

target audience

the portion of the audience that the speaker most wants to persuade. focus your persuasive speech on a specific part of the audience

credibility

the quality of being convincing or beliveable

egocentric

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

3 ways to generate emotional appeal

use emotional languege develop vivid examples speak with sincerity and conviction

how to use examples effectivley

use examples to clarify ideas use examples o reinforce ideas use examples to personalize ideas make examples vivid and richly textured practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

how to use evidence

use specific evidence - such as stats, examples, or testimonies use novel evidence - more persuasive if you use evidence you audience hasn't heard before use evidence from a credible source make it clear why you are using evidence - whats the reason youre showing something

Hasty generalization (assess reasoning)

when a speaker jumps to conclusions on the basis of two few cases or on the basis of atypical cases all americans are obese

invalid analogy (assess reasoning)

when two cases being compared are not essentially alike humans are like nails. just as nails must be hit on the head to work, so must people

Reasoning from principle (method of reasoning)

when you progress from a general principle to a specific conclusion Humans can read. I can read--> i am a human Much more effective if evidence is used.

Reasoning from specific instances (method of reasoning)

when your progress from a number of particular facts lead to a general conclusion i though the test was easy, my brother thought the test was easy, my friend though the test was easy--> the test was easy This reason is not foolproof, correlation does not imply causation.